美国每天都在支付赔款——只是不向美国黑人支付赔款

https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty-research/policycast/us-pays-reparations-every-day-just-not-black-america

HKS 教员康奈尔威廉布鲁克斯和琳达比尔姆斯探讨了为什么美国广泛的恢复性司法体系与美国黑人遭受的多方面、代际伤害如此脱节。

由琳达·比尔姆斯和康奈尔·威廉·布鲁克斯主演
2022 年 2 月 3 日
农民。 渔民。 失去银行账户或养老金的人。 对新冠疫苗有不良反应的人。 对任何其他疫苗有反应的人。 原住民。 退伍军人。 退伍军人的后裔。 在工作中受伤的人。 制造核弹的人。 接触农药的人。 患有黑肺病的煤矿工人。 因洪水、干旱或其他自然灾害而失去薪水或房屋的人。 受贸易协定影响的人。

这是一个很长的清单。 但这仍然只是许多因遭受伤害而从政府或通过政府获得赔偿的人和团体的一小部分。 每天，美国某个地方的某人都在所谓的恢复性司法概念下获得补偿，这种司法不是对不法分子进行惩罚，而是寻求使受害者或其家人完整，或者至少修复他们 越多越好。 恢复性司法也被称为修复性司法，或者就美国黑人从 1600 年代第一艘运奴船到今天的经历而言，简称为赔偿。

但与其他日常赔偿不同，黑人赔偿被许多人视为高度敏感的政治第三轨，因此去年哈佛大学肯尼迪学院的教员康奈尔威廉布鲁克斯和琳达比尔梅斯启动了一个研究项目，看看他们是否可以改变这种对话。 温和地说，他们发现了一种反常的情况。 他们对几个世纪以来美国黑人所遭受的伤害进行了分类，从奴隶制本身到种族隔离、剥夺公民权、经济和教育歧视、财富不平等等等，他们发现，没有哪个群体比这更值得被拯救。 他们还研究并编录了美国庞大的恢复性赔偿制度，该制度每天都在发挥作用，使人们从所遭受的伤害中得到补偿。 然而，他们没有发现两者之间的联系。

康奈尔大学威廉布鲁克斯是非营利管理实践教授、美国司法部前民权律师、全国有色人种协进会前全国主席。 琳达·比尔梅斯 (Linda Bilmes) 是公共政策高级讲师，也是联合国公共行政专家委员会的美国代表，她的职业生涯就是重新审视有关公共项目的成本、价值和优先事项的假设。 他们与主持人拉尔夫·拉纳利 (Ralph Ranalli) 一起讨论了他们的研究，该研究将在未来几周内发表的一篇论文中发表。

剧集注释：
康奈尔威廉布鲁克斯是哈佛大学肯尼迪学院非营利组织实践豪瑟教授和公共领导和社会正义实践教授。 他还是该校公共领导中心威廉·门罗·特罗特社会正义合作组织的主任，也是哈佛神学院预言宗教实践和公共领导力的客座教授。 布鲁克斯是全国有色人种协进会 (NAACP) 前主席兼首席执行官、民权律师和被任命为部长。

琳达·J·比尔梅斯 (Linda J. Bilmes) 是丹尼尔·帕特里克·莫伊尼汉 (Daniel Patrick Moynihan) 公共政策高级讲师，也是预算和公共财政问题的领先专家。 她的研究重点是公共、私营和非营利部门的预算和公共管理。 她是哈佛大学的全职教员，教授预算、成本会计和公共财政，并为新当选的市长和国会议员举办研讨会。 自 2005 年以来，她领导了大波士顿应用现场实验室，这是一个高级学术项目，学生志愿者团队在公共财政和运营方面协助当地社区。 她还领导彭博哈佛城市领导力项目的实地项目。 她目前担任联合国公共行政专家委员会（CEPA）唯一的美国成员，以及和平与安全经济学家组织的副主席。

主办及制作
拉尔夫·拉纳利

联合制作
苏珊·休斯

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The United States pays reparations every day—just not to Black America

https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty-research/policycast/us-pays-reparations-every-day-just-not-black-america

HKS faculty members Cornell William Brooks and Linda Bilmes explore why the extensive U.S. system of restorative justice is so disconnected from the multi-faceted, intergenerational harms suffered by Black Americans.

FEATURING LINDA BILMES & CORNELL WILLIAM BROOKS
FEBRUARY 3, 2022
Farmers. Fishermen. People who’ve lost bank accounts or pensions. People who’ve had a bad reaction to a COVID vaccine. People who’ve had a reaction to any other vaccine. Indigenous people. Veterans. Descendants of veterans. People who get hurt on the job. People who built nuclear bombs. People exposed to pesticides. Coal miners who get black lung disease. People who lose paychecks or homes from floods, droughts, or other natural disasters. People who are impacted by trade agreements.
That’s a long list. But it's still a fraction of the many people and groups who receive compensation either from or through the government for the harms they have suffered. Every day, someone somewhere in America is being compensated under the concept of what is known as restorative justice, a type of justice that instead of meting out punishment to a wrongdoer, seeks to make the victims or their families whole—or at least repair them as much as possible. Restorative justice is also known as reparative justice, or, in the context of the experience of Black Americans from the first slave ships in the 1600s through to today, simply reparations.

But unlike those other, everyday reparations, Black reparations are seen by many as a highly charged political third rail, so last year Harvard Kennedy School faculty members Cornell William Brooks and Linda Bilmes launched a research project to see if they could change the conversation. What they found is a situation that is, to put it mildly, perverse. Cataloging the harms suffered by Black Americans through the centuries from slavery itself through segregation, disenfranchisement, economic and educational discrimination, wealth inequality, and more, they found that no group was perhaps more deserving of being made whole. They also studied and cataloged a huge system of American restorative compensation that works every day to make people whole for harms they have suffered. What they didn’t find, however, was a connection between the two.

Cornell William Brooks is a professor of the practice of nonprofit management, a former civil rights attorney for the U.S. Justice Department, and the former national president of the NAACP. Linda Bilmes is a senior lecturer in public policy and the U.S. representative to the United Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration, and she has made a career of re-examining assumptions about the costs, values, and priorities of public programs. They joined host Ralph Ranalli to discuss their research, which is due out in a paper to be published in the coming weeks.

Episode Notes:
Cornell William Brooks is the Hauser Professor of the Practice of Nonprofit Organizations and professor of the practice of public leadership and social justice at Harvard Kennedy School. He is also director of the William Monroe Trotter Collaborative for Social Justice at the School’s Center for Public Leadership, and visiting professor of the practice of prophetic religion and public leadership at Harvard Divinity School. Brooks is the former president and CEO of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), a civil rights attorney, and an ordained minister.

Linda J. Bilmes is the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Senior Lecturer in Public Policy and a leading expert on budgetary and public financial issues. Her research focuses on budgeting and public administration in the public, private and non-profit sectors. She is a full-time Harvard faculty member, teaching budgeting, cost accounting and public finance, and workshops for newly-elected mayors and members of Congress. Since 2005, she has led the Greater Boston Applied Field Lab, an advanced academic program in which teams of student volunteers assist local communities in public finance and operations. She also leads field projects for the Bloomberg Harvard City Leadership program. She currently serves as the sole United States member of the United Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration (CEPA), and as vice-chair of Economists for Peace and Security.

Hosted and produced by
Ralph Ranalli

Co-produced by
Susan Hughes

For more information please visit our webpage or contact us at [email protected].

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