在中国,"拾金不昧"一直被当成文明故国的传统美德来弘扬。七八十年代有一首儿歌,说的就是鼓励人们在马路边捡到一分钱,也要把它交到警察叔叔的手里面。这捡一分钱交出去容易,可要是白检一万元,您还交吗?
美国社会鲜少"拾金不昧"这样的传统美德教育,但"拾金不昧"的事例却也是"层出不穷"。今日报端又有一件:
A 10-year-old boy picking up litter in New Hampshire found a charred backpack stuffed with more than $8,000 in cash.
Arie Johnston of Dover was helping his grandmother with her town's annual roadside cleanup when he spotted the backpack Saturday. He told Foster's Daily Democrat his first thought was that a person had been killed for the money.
Arie's grandmother called the Alton town clerk, who identified the bag's owner based on the passports and other documents found with the money. The owner was a woman who had lived across the street until a fire damaged her apartment last year.
Police say the woman has since moved to Maine and has asked that her belongings be given to her sister who lives in Alton. Arie's grandmother says a reward may be coming.
Arie Johnston现年十岁,住美国New Hampshire一个叫Alton的小镇。星期六帮奶奶扫街时(也许是外婆,总之是grandmother),捡一破不溜丢沾满油垢的书包(a charred backpack)。当小Arie发现包里装有八千美元时,还猜想没准儿会有什么命案牵扯在内。
奶奶给镇管事打了电话,通过包里的护照和其他证件找着了失主。失主已搬离小镇,但她姐姐(也许是妹妹,总之是sister)还住该镇。
在美国,这类"拾金不昧"的先进事迹,不过是平凡的一则报道,都上不了主流媒体"大雅之堂"。与类似事件在中国的头版头条,"锣鼓喧天鞭炮齐鸣"铺天盖地造英雄的宣传形成了对比。注意,这里并非强调孰优孰劣的中美PK,更多的是一种文化的对比。美国人的道德教育多来自基督信仰,有句大家都知道的俗话是: Do onto others as you would wish them do onto you,有点像中国话的"己所不欲勿使于人",大白话就是,想要别人怎么对你,你就怎么对别人。这是基督教义里的一条金律(Golden rule),理论上取名为the Ethics of Reciprocity。但这中美对比中有意思的是,美国话说的是"我想要别人对我怎么做,我也应该对别人怎么做",而中国话讲的是"自己不想要别人对你做的事,你也不要对别人做"--一个铜板正反两面。
因此,如你自己丢了东西,你想要别人捡着时归还给你,那你捡到别人丢失物时也该归还失主。这是一种普通人之间的相互行为,也就用不着大张旗鼓,庆贺英雄降临。
在中国,拾金不昧的事例,从古时候的"林积还珠、甄彬还金、乐羊子妻",到当代雷锋,都是道德楷模社会英雄。从目的性上看,中国式道德有两个层面,一是对修身养性的个人追求 -- 修得正果延年益寿位列仙班;二是统治者用弘扬美德求社会和谐。百姓渴望道德榜样,君王需要社稷安泰,所以,宣传上就有了树立雷锋为典型的必要。
最后还有个经济上的原因。历史上中国经济不富余社会动乱时期居多,颠沛流离的人们对"夜不闭户,路不拾遗"更多是一种向往而不是社会现实,即便是今日的中国处在历史上最好的经济时期,普通居民住家还是铁窗铁门层层防盗。因此,"弘扬人文道德,构建和谐社会"也就成了老百姓和领导人的一致诉求。
祝你周末快乐。