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道德经聚会主题(17)- 民之饥(75-79)

(2013-02-28 13:18:59) 下一个

聚会日期:2013年 3月5日12

探讨内容:(此次学的章节比较多,以便结束治国论。然后预留一次聚会,单独用来总结德论和治国论)

Politics in greed

Power within vs Power without

The way of Oneness

The King who serves

Nurtured in love

帛本:

人之饥也,以其取食税之多也,是以饥。百姓之不治也,以其上有以为也,是以不治。 民之轻死,以其求生之厚也,是以轻死。夫唯无以生为者,是贤贵生

人之生也柔弱,其死也坚强。万物草木之生也柔脆,其死也枯槁。故曰:『坚强者,死之徒也;柔弱者,生之徒也』。是以兵强则不胜,木强则兢。故强大居下,柔弱居上。

天之道,犹张弓者也:高者抑之,下者举之,有余者损之,不足者补之。故天之道,损有余而补不足。人之道则不然,损不足以奉有余。孰能有余而有以取奉于天下者乎?惟有道者乎?是以圣人为而弗有,成功而弗居也。若此其不欲,见贤也。

天下莫柔弱于水,而攻坚强者莫之能胜也,以其无以易之也。故柔胜刚,弱胜强,天下莫不知,而莫能行也。故圣人之言云,曰:受邦之诟,是谓社稷之主;受邦之不祥,是谓天下之王。正言若反。

和大怨,必有余怨,焉可以为善?是以圣人右介而不以责于人。故有德司介,无德司徹。夫天道无亲,恒与善人。

参照其他本:

民之饥,以其上食税之多,是以饥。民之难治,以其上之有为,是以难治。民之轻死,以其上求生之厚,是以轻死。夫唯无以生为者,是贤于贵生。

人之生也柔弱,其死也坚强。草木之生也柔脆,其死也枯槁。故坚强者死之徒,柔弱者生之徒。是以兵强则灭,木强则折。强大处下,柔弱处上。

天之道,其犹张弓与?高者抑下,下者举之,有余者损之,不足者补之。天之道,损有余而补不足。人之道,则不然,损不足以奉有余。孰能有余以奉天下,唯有道者。是以圣人为而不恃,功成而不处,其不欲见贤。

天下莫柔弱于水,而攻坚强者莫之能胜,以其无以易之。弱之胜强,柔之胜刚,天下莫不知,莫能行。是以圣人云:"受国之垢,是谓社稷主;受国不祥,是为天下王。"正言若反。

和大怨,必有余怨;报怨以德,安可以为善?是以圣人执左契,而不责于人。有德司契,无德司彻。天道无亲,常与善人。

 

英文对照 1:
75.1
 When rulers take grain so that they may feast, Their people become hungry; 
75.2 When rulers take action to serve their own interests, Their people become rebellious; 
75.3 When rulers take lives so that their own lives are maintained, Their people no longer fear death. When people act without regard for their own lives They overcome those who value only their own lives. 

76.1
 A newborn is soft and tender, A crone, hard and stiff. 
76.2 Plants and animals, in life, are supple and succulent; In death, withered and dry. 
76.3 So softness and tenderness are attributes of life, And hardness and stiffness, attributes of death. 
76.4 Just as a sapless tree will split and decay So an inflexible force will meet defeat; 
76.5 The hard and mighty lie beneath the ground While the tender and weak dance on the breeze above. 

77.1
 Is the action of nature not unlike drawing a bow? What is higher is pulled down, and what is lower is raised up; What is taller is shortened, and what is thinner is broadened; 
77.2 Nature's motion decreases those who have more than they need And increases those who need more than they have. It is not so with Man. Man decreases those who need more than they have And increases those who have more than they need. 
77.3 To give away what you do not need is to follow the Way. 
77.4 So the sage gives without expectation, Accomplishes without claiming credit, And has no desire for ostentation. 

78.1
 Nothing in the world is as soft and yielding as water, Yet nothing can better overcome the hard and strong, For they can neither control nor do away with it. 
78.2 The soft overcomes the hard, The yielding overcomes the strong; Every person knows this, But no one can practice it. 
78.3 Who attends to the people would control the land and grain; Who attends to the state would control the whole world; Truth is easily hidden by rhetoric. 

79.1
 When conflict is reconciled, some hard feelings remain; This is dangerous. 
79.2 The sage accepts less than is due And does not blame or punish; 
79.3 For harmony seeks agreement Where justice seeks payment. 
79.4 The ancients said: "Nature is impartial; Therefore it serves those who serve all." 
 

英文对照 2:

75.1If the people are hungry, it is because the prince eats up excessive sums of money (which he extorts from them). 
75.2 If the people are restive, it is because the prince does too much, (indisposes them by his innovations). 
75.3 If the people expose themselves lightly to death (in hazardous enterprises), it is because he loves life too much, (love of well-being, of pleasure, of fame). He who does nothing in order to live, is wiser than he who harms himself in order to live. 

76.1 When a man is born he is supple and weak (but full of life); he becomes strong and powerful, and then he dies. 
76.2 It is the same for plants, delicate (herbaceous) at first, then becoming woody at the time of their death. 
76.3 He who is strong and powerful is marked for death; he who is weak and flexible is marked for life. 
76.4 The great army will be defeated. The great tree will be cut down. 
76.5 Everything that is strong and great is in a poorer condition. The advantage is always with the supple and the weak. 

77.1 Heaven acts (with regard to men) like the archer who, bending his bow, makes the convexities straight and the concavities bulge, diminishing the greater and augmenting the lesser. (Lowering the higher, and raising the lower). 
77.2 It takes away from those who have plenty, and adds to those who have little. Whereas men (bad princes who bleed the people) do quite the opposite, taking away from those who lack (the people), in order to add to those who have in abundance (their favourites) ... 
77.3 Any superfluity ought to come back to the empire (to the people), but only he who possesses the Principle is capable of that. 
77.4 The Sage conforms himself to the Principle. He influences without attributing the result to himself. He accomplishes without appropriating his work to himself. He does not claim the title of the Sage, (but keeps himself in voluntary obscurity). 

78.1 In this world there is nothing more supple and weak than water; and yet no one, however strong and powerful he may be, can resist its action (corrosion, wear, wave action); and no being can do without it ( for drinking, growth, etc.). 
78.2 Is it clear enough that weakness is worth more than strength, that suppleness can overcome rigidity? - Everyone agrees with this; but no one acts according to it. 
78.3 The Sages have said: "He who rejects neither moral filth nor political evil is capable of becoming the chief of a territory or the sovereign of the empire." (He who is supple enough to accommodate himself to all that; and not a rigid and systematic person). These words are quite true, even though they offend many. 

79.1 When the principle of a dispute has been settled (some accessory grievances) always remain, and things do not return to the state they were in before, (bruises remain). 
79.2 (Therefore the Sage never questions it, despite his right). Keeping his half of the agreement, he does not exact the execution (of what is written). 
79.3 He who knows how to conduct himself after the Virtue of the Principle, lets his written agreements sleep. He who does not know how to conduct himself thus, exacts his due. 
79.4 Heaven is impartial. (If it were capable of some partiality), it would give advantage to good people, (those who act as in C. It would overwhelm them, because they ask for nothing).

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