前面说到美国州政府破产的问题,其实比较麻烦,对美国普通人民的民生影响比较大的是市政府这一个层次。
先说说美国的社会结构,这样不了解的人,就会比较明了一点。
在美国的州之下,存在着一级政府,叫做County,有人翻译成县。其实这个县如果对应的是日本那个县,还说得过去。但是对中国人来讲,就会产生误解。
其实美国的县,比较类似于中国古代的州,或者是郡。通常是一个County下面,有7-8个城市。也可以大致类比于中国的地区,然后下面就是一堆县级市那样。
然后在县下面,就是城市。这两级政府的主要税收来源,一个是物产税,一个是销售税。
因此当政府财政收入有问题的话,就是在这两个税上面打主意。
物产税,通常是学区资金的来源,就是说整个地区的公立学校,靠这些税收来支撑。
但是这个税收,有赖于地产市场良好。你要是房子不光不涨价,而且还有越来越多人断供,那么这个部分的收入,就会大受影响。
而销售税,比如说最近俺们这里,就涨到了9.75%,而且还想涨0.50%,差不多是十分之一了。这个税,依赖于大家消费,你经济不好了,大家不肯花钱了,或者你税上去了,为了保证自己的收入,不少收现金的商家,比如说餐馆之类,就偷偷少报,也会影响到收入。
收入不够,支出又很大,于是许多地方政府,考虑削减支出。
但是大家要知道,通常和大家生活有关的事情,是在这一级政府完成的。
比如说学校的好坏,警察治安,在街上收垃圾,医疗服务,消防车来救火等等,都是大家切身相关的事情。
在俄亥俄州的Ashtabula县,面临的就是这样一个情况。这个县,本来有112名警察,先是第一轮削减到70名,然后第二轮削减到49名。
整个县是1900平方公里,现在只有一辆警车。警察局说,俺们没有巡警,街上是一个警察也看不到。俺们只能对即刻发生的犯罪采取行动,你要是财物犯罪,那是没得理了。
本来还有缉毒队,有刑侦队,现在都给撤了。只有一个警员负责罪证处理,就是说你的家里被人爆窃了,你的汽车被人偷走了,都没有人可以处理。唯一的警员,就是帮你出一个报告证明,你可以拿出找保险公司索赔。
这个是很多城市都出现的问题,就是治安越来越差。
在去年3月,印第安纳州著名的普度大学,由土木工程师们为各个城市开了一堂课程。这个课程的名字,就叫做“Back to the Stone Age”,神马意思?就是“回到石器时代”。
那么这个课程是教什么的?很简单,就是教大家如何把铺好的,但是维修费用比较高,现在开始失修,到处都是坑的公路,给打成碎片,回到维修费用低的石头路。
这个就是现在美国流行的基建工程维修方法。比如说密歇根州,已经把50英里的柏油马路,给基建成了碎石路。
发生在小城市的事情大家可能不关注,但是在俄亥俄州的辛辛那提市,已经开始缩减收垃圾和除雪服务。这一次美国东部到处大雪纷飞,搞得很狼狈,比如说纽约市,就是因为垃圾工人被大幅裁减的原因。
当然大家还记得,为了给纽约911事件后的救护人员赔偿的官司,是花了很大一笔纽约市的城市预算的。其中还有过亿的资金,是给大律师们拿去零花的。
在得克萨斯州的达拉斯市,公共地方,比如说公园里面的垃圾,政府已经不再处理。
另外的一些地方,比如说密歇根州的Flint市,88个消防员给解雇了23个,有两个消防局给取消。
想一想吧,要是你家附近的两个消防局都关门了,然后着火了,消防员要从比较远的地方开车过来,这一耽搁,路上多用的10来分钟,就是人命关天,就是巨大财产损失。
前面一些城市,还是回到Stone Age, 有的城市就是回到Dark Age (中世纪黑暗时代)。比如华盛顿州的Shelton市更绝,整个城市有860盏街灯,现在是关掉了114个。晚上城市的街道上,黑咕隆冬,看你还敢不敢上街。
也有很多城市,就是停止的公交汽车服务,还有的就是关闭了图书馆。
受到打击比较大的是学校,教师被解雇,学生要减少班级,搞大班制度。学校同时减少上课的天数。
据美国城市联盟的报告,大概63%的城市,会大幅削减社会治安(削减警察),大概60%的城市,会大幅度削减社会服务(削减消防等等)。
不是说美国联邦政府不知道这些城市的困境,在去年8月,奥巴马政府给了260亿美元,部分用于保住教师们的职位。但是这点钱,只是堤坝上面插一个指头去防洪。
据专家们预计,现在的地方政府,还没有完全明了金融危机带来的房地产问题,对他们的财政的真正影响。因为这些地方政府,对物业税的评估,是每三年一次,要到了2011年中期的时候,他们才知道问题的严重性。
另外一个要命的问题,就是美国的很多地方的基础设施,已经到了崩溃的边缘。
大家都记得2007年明尼苏达州的一座大桥突然坍塌,导致了13个人死亡,145人受伤。根据美国土木工程师协会的估算,美国在基建上面,光是高速公路和桥梁,就欠了1万6千亿美元的建设账。美国的桥梁中间,有25%结构有问题,随时会倒塌。
其实比这些更要命的,是美国的河堤。比如说俺们加州的不少河流,都是像黄河那样的悬空河,靠堤坝那护住下面的农田。
但是这些堤坝因为资金缺乏,年久失修,如果一旦碰到大风暴,堤坝一决口,就麻烦大了。因为这样的结果,就会导致旧金山湾区的海水倒灌,那么包括硅谷在内的七百多万人口,就没有淡水喝了。
不要以为这是危言耸听。当初新奥尔良的堤坝,号称可以抵御五级飓风,结果在三级飓风的打击下,就彻底悲剧了。
大家看到了这么多的问题,都是因为没有钱,尤其是地方政府没有钱的缘故。但是又不能加税,大家已经交了不少税,不过大部分被联邦政府拿去了。
然后联邦政府,就把这些钱,拿去给华尔街发红包和奖金了,还有拿到阿富汗和伊拉克去建设民主了。
于是人们开始问,干嘛要交联邦税?
来自台湾的不会有误解。比如桃园县就管辖两个市。县比市大,中国古来都是这样的,只有到近代在大陆地区才发生一点变化。
Fed pays Social Security benefits. Fed pays Medicare expenses and half of Medicaid expenses. Fed pays part of highway construction expenses. Fed funds scientific researchs and a lot of high education, and more.
政府给华尔街的钱应该是借给华尔街的,是要还的,对不?尽管这钱是税民的钱,但和作为政府支出所用的税收还不等同吧。
至于这钱怎么花,只要借方/被借方没有签约,怎么花都不违约(道德意念不在讨论之中)
我这也是就事论事,挖个坑而已,呵呵
Obviously, you are not a long time follower to op, and it is kinda hard for a new comer to grasp op's sense of humor. What op was referring is the bailout money. And the banks or institutes that was bailed out by tax payers did not refrain themselves from giving out big bonus to their executives.
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)
The federal tax (income and biz) spending is listed on 1040. take a look at the chart, one would know where the money goes.
Amerian has a poor goverment and rich people while China in general has a rich goverment and poor people (majority)