LIBERALITY | As to having and possessing of things, teach them to part with what they have, easily and freely to their friends; and let them find by experience, that the most liberal has always most plenty, with esteem and commendation to boot, and they will quickly learn to practise it. This, I imagine, will make brothers and sisters kinder and civiller to one another, and consequently to others, than twenty rules about good manners, with which children are ordinarily perplexed and cumbered. Covetousness, and the desire of having in our possession, and under our dominion, more than we have need of, being the root of all evil, should be early and carefully weeded out; and the contrary quality, or a readiness to impart to others, implanted. This should be encouraged by great commendation and credit, and constantly taking care, that he loses nothing by his liberality. Let all the instances he gives of such freeness, be always repaid, and with interest; and let him sensibly perceive, that the kindness he shows to others is no ill husbandry for himself; but that it brings a return of kindness, both from those that receive it, and those who look on. Make this a contest among children, who shall out-do one another this way. And by this means, by a constant practice, children having made it easy to themselves to part with what they have, good-nature may be settled in them into an habit, and they may take pleasure, and pique themselves in being kind, liberal, and civil to others.

慷慨 |  关于拥有和占有的东西，要教他们把他们所有的，容易和慷慨地分给朋友；并且让他们通过经验发现，最大方的人总是最富有的人，而且得到别人的敬重与称赞，他们就会很快学着去实行它。我认为这会使兄弟姊妹之间更友善、更有礼貌，由此也这样对待他人，这比二十条关于良好举止的规矩有效得多，而那些规矩是小孩常感困惑与麻烦的。贪婪，想要在我们需要之外占有更多、支配更多的欲望，是一切邪恶的根源，应该及早小心地铲除；而相反的品质，乐于和人分享的美德，应该加以灌输。这应该通过大量的称赞与荣誉加以鼓励，要常常注意，不让他因为大方慷慨而失去什么。每当他如此慷慨地给予，都让他得到更大的回报；让他很容易地明白，他对别人表示友好，对他自己是没有坏处的；它只会从受惠者或旁观者那里带回友谊。把慷慨大方作为孩子们中间的竞赛，让他们彼此争胜。用这种方法不断地练习，孩子就会容易与分享他们有的东西，善良宽厚的性情会成为他们的习惯，他们就会为自己对人的友善、慷慨和礼貌而高兴与自豪。

JUSTICE | If liberality ought to be encouraged, certainly great care is to be taken that children transgress not the rules of justice: and whenever they do, they should be set right; and, if there be occasion for it, severely rebuked.

公正 | 如果慷慨是应该鼓励的，那么也应该格外注意不要让小孩违反公正的原则；任何时候他们违反了，要立即纠正他们；而且必要的时候，要加以严厉斥责。

Our first actions being guided more by self-love than reason or reflection, it is no wonder that in children they should be very apt to deviate from the just measures of right and wrong, which are in the mind the result of improved reason and serious meditation. This the more they are apt to mistake, the more careful guard ought to be kept over them, and every the least slip in this great social virtue taken notice of and rectified; and that in things of the least weight and moment, both to instruct their ignorance, and prevent ill habits, which from small beginnings in pins and cherry-stones, will, if let alone, grow up to higher frauds, and be in danger to end at last in downright hardened dishonesty. The first tendency to any injustice that appears, must be suppressed with a show of wonder and abhorrency in the parents and governors. But because children cannot well comprehend what injustice is, till they understand property, and how particular persons come by it, the safest way to secure honesty, is to lay the foundations of it early in liberality, and an easiness to part with to others whatever they have or like themselves. This may be taught them early, before they have language and understanding enough to form distinct notions of property, and to know what is theirs by a peculiar right exclusive of others. And since children seldom have any thing but by gift, and that for the most part from their parents, they may be at first taught not to take or keep any thing, but what is given them by those whom they take to have a power over it. And as their capacities enlarge, other rules and cases of justice, and rights concerning ``meum'' and ``tuum,'' may be proposed and inculcated. If any act of injustice in them appears to proceed, not from mistake, but perverseness in their wills, when a gentle rebuke and shame will not reform this irregular and covetous inclination, rougher remedies must be applied: and it is but for the father or tutor to take and keep from them something that they value and think their own, or order somebody else to do it; and by such instances make them sensible what little advantage they are like to make by possessing themselves unjustly of what is another's, whilst there are in the world stronger and more men than they. But if an ingenuous detestation of this shameful vice be but carefully and early instilled into them, as I think it may, that is the true and genuine method to obviate this crime, and will be a better guard against dishonesty than any considerations drawn from interest; habits working more constantly and with greater facility, than reason; which, when we have most need of it, is seldom fairly consulted, and more rarely obeyed.

我们最初的行为更多地受自爱的指导，而少受理智或反省的影响，所以不奇怪小孩容易偏离正确的是非标准，因为这标准是心理上健全理智与认真思考的结果。他们愈容易在这上面犯错，就应该愈小心地看顾保守他们，在这重大社会道德上的每一个小小的失误都要注意与纠正；就是在极其细微与无关紧要的事情上也应如此，这样既教训他们的无知，又防止坏习惯，因为即使从针尖与樱桃核大小开始的小事，如果放任不管，就会成为更大的欺瞒，最终会危险地变成彻头彻尾的、顽固的不诚实。小孩第一次表现出不公平的倾向，父母和导师要以显露惊愕与厌恶的态度来压制它。但是在小孩懂得财物以及人们怎样得到它之前，他们不能很好地领会什么是不公平，所以保证他们诚实正直的最安全的方法是把诚实的基础及早地建立在慷慨大方及乐于和人分享自己所有或所好的东西之上。这可以早早地教给他们，在他们有足够的语言和理解力来形成财产概念之前，也在知道什么是属于他们排他独有的权力。而且小孩除了礼物很少有什么东西，而礼物大部分也来自他们的父母，所以一开始就教他们不要拿取或保留任何东西，除非那东西是他们认为有支配权的人所给予的。等到他们的能力增大，才把有关公平的规矩与事例、以及关于"我的"和"你的"的权力告知与灌输给他们。如果他们做了任何不义的行为，不是出于错误，而是他们主观上明知故犯，当温和的责备与羞愧不能改变这不正当的、贪婪的倾向，就该用更严厉的矫正方法：这只能是父母或导师把他们看重与认作己有的东西拿走并隐藏起来，或者命令别人这样做；由此让他们明白他们不公平地占有别人的东西，对他们是没有什么好处的，世上还有很多比他们更强的人。如果能如我认为的那样，及早小心地让小孩对这可耻的恶行感到真正的憎恶，那是消除这罪恶的真正纯粹的方法，比起任何利益的考虑更能防止不诚实；习惯比理智更持久、更有效地起作用；在我们最需要理智的时候，我们很少恰当地求教于它，更罕有地去遵从它。

摘自Some Thoughts Concerning Education (English-Chinese Edition)(ISBN-10: 1537479857)