T教授改论文, 一般是先用微软的办公系统找文法和拼写的Bug, 再用固定格式往上套, 如“用However来引出前人研究的局限性”, ” The primary purpose of this study 来开头阐述研究工作的重要性", "用The research study focuses in 来说明工作的过程", "用in conclusion 来总结实验结果"等。所以, T教授的文章有严重的结构性雷同。
SEM Image, Optical Image, Communication---Under-prepared Student Gesheng Li, 12-28-2012
Dr. Taylor was a tenured professor of materials science department at Ace University in Canada. His research group consisted primarily of 20 graduate students, research engineers and associates, besides he was the graduate advisor of the department, a powerful role of graduate school. His ceramic group was the largest research base in the west coast of Canada.
Since Prof. Taylor was interested in looking into the work in progress, he required all of his students to participate in individual meetings as well as group meetings with him every Thursday afternoon. He insisted on seeing each piece of data, curve, plot and photo, working through the experiments with his subordinates.
Mr. Mild was a second year PH.D student in the materials department, and Prof. Taylor was his thesis adviser. Mild had recently completed the majority of the coursework that was required by the Ph.D program and was becoming more involved in his thesis work. He had got all his research together after 3 months of reference searching. Although he just started only a few beginning experiments, some of his initial data looked promising.
Mild was originally from an Iranian top-notch university, a country to which the Canadians often felt indifferent like China, Russia, Vietnam and North Korea, though he spoke completely fluent English. Stress at work was his biggest cause of getting financial support. Mild had never published a paper in Canada. Sensing that many of his peers were making progress, he was feeling pressure to publish a paper to establish his academic record, in order to obtain the funding and remain competitive in their field of research. In order to remedy his current situation, he decided to write a manuscript that included a manipulated result of his paper.
Mild printed a linear scale of 50,000X on an optical image of 50X so that the optical image looked like a SEM one (scanning electron microscopic image). The sizes of TiO2 nano-scale particles had a perfectly uniform distribution. In fact, at first glance, it was a wrong result. It was impossible to crystallize naturally perfectly uniform distribution of nano-particle size, when there was always inhomogeneous perturbation or turbulence.
Mild was aware that Journal of American Ceramic Association accepted the “communications” , which only required one photo and an abstract of ~200 words and was much easier to get the permission to publish. On a recent occasion of Thursday afternoon, Mild willingly gave Prof. Taylor his manuscript. He asked Taylor if he could go over his progress, because he would like to evaluate and think about his student’s data. Mild reminded his advisor that he wanted to publish a communication in the Journal of American Ceramic Association. He met Prof. George in a US conference last year, who is the managing editor of the journal. It should be a piece of cake to make a backdoor deal with him. It was just a communication anyhow. The journal used a peer-review policy, which allowed the author to recommend a reviewer for his/her paper.
Taylor only had 20 minutes to dip into the communication paper. ” Difference in profession makes one feel worlds apart”, in fact, he didn’t completely understand the paper. His comments on the paper gave only the common staffs, such as “be consistent in grammar and punctuation”, “the writing style should be clear, concise, accurate and succinct”, “Delete what is dispensable and give more prominence to the essentials and new idea”, “focus on uniform distribution of TiO2 particle size”, “list the papers of Prof. Cindy, the reviewer, in his reference “, and required Mild to use his own papers in the reference and highlight the citation rate of ceramic group.
Taylor was good at editing a paper; he normally looked for the grammar and punctuation errors, his elegant handwriting really foxed the foreign students often, and it was an easy work to kill time.
Prof. Taylor usually used “Microsoft Word “to find the bugs of English grammar and spellings. He had a fixed style sheet in writing a paper, such as “however” led to the limitations of the predecessor's research, “The primary purpose of this study” explained the importance of the achievement, “The research study focuses in” illustrated the procedure of the technology, “in conclusion” summarized the results of experiment, etc. All his papers showed the structural similarity in writing style.
His research group consisted of 20 graduate students, research engineers and associates, besides he was the graduate advisor of the department, a powerful role of graduate school. He was always on a very tight schedule, and had no space to dwell upon the SEM image. Based on this involvement of management, there was little chance that he could have been thought about the preliminary status of the work, though he did realize many of the experiments had not yet been reproduced or were still in the process of being repeated.
Prof. Taylor finished editing and putting together the figures within 20 minutes, and he submitted a manuscript to Journal of American Ceramic Association for publication without the consent of Mild. Taylor listed Mild as first author on the paper and himself as the second and final author. He recommended a reviewer, Prof. Cindy, who had been a personal and professional friend of his for many years.
When Mild realized that his supervisor had submitted a paper with his nameon it without telling him, he was very upset with Taylor. If someone found out the SEM image wasa fake or any of the data turned out to be erroneous,his professional career could be damaged. He had just started his involvementin a research lab, and he was unsure about how to react or if he should doanything at all. He tried to convince himself that maybe this was the waythings were done in Ace University. He had been working in Taylor’slaboratory for only a year, and he was not very comfortable with his advisoryet. He wondered if he should chat with some of the other graduate studentsabout what had happened, hoping that they could help him to deal with the hardsituation.
Mild quickly got used to the situation, and decided to button up his mouth, even to his friend, Gesheng, a master student from China, he didn’t mention a word. Mild had observed the situation of ceramic lab for a long time. It was the way things were done in Taylor’s workplace. He’s got to keep in line with Prof. Taylor for the sake of Doctoral Degree. Beggars can't be choosers! The students were often a weak group by comparison with the professors.
Under the editorial policy and the instructions to authors section, the managing editor was the deciding factor to publish the papers. The journal used a peer-review policy, which allowed the author to recommend a reviewer for his/her paper. Prof. Taylor submitted the paper and recommended his friend, Prof. Cindy to review the paper. Of course Cindy agreed to publish the communication in his reviewing comment due to the friendship of Taylor. This was a professional courtesy. The editing manager George consented to Taylor’s publication request by consulting Cindy’s advice. It was a just a small communication, which met the minimum requirements of the journal any how.
The communication was published rapidly. Mild listed it in the reference of his doctoral thesis, which looked like a formal and official academic record.
Mild began to forget himself in his excitement after receiving the letter of acceptance from the Journal of American Ceramic Association. Other graduates cottoned up to him and tried to learn the trick of the trade of the publication. Everyone could tell that Mild was too lucky to be true. Gesheng thought that there was no new idea in his communication. The only bright spot was the glass-beading TiO2 particle uniform distribution. The structure of the paper showed the similarity again, “…was studied systematically.”, “furthermore …”, “…interpret its points clearly.”, “it reveals…”, “it rigidly proves…”, “it anticipated…” etc.
Gesheng was working in the SEM lab of materials department all day long, and never saw Mild show up. The SEM image of Mild made him upset. He was unable to make so beautiful, so perfect image by using the SEM in the department. Did the microscope technician, Mary, show partiality to him? Mary had some unique skills; she didn’t shrink from declaring to him, did she?
Gesheng was an administrative assistant of student abroad office in Beijing Foundation of Science. For sure, he was professionally interested in the doctoral training procedure of the top-notch universities of Canada. “No investigation,no words”. It’s the way of his. Gesheng carefully studied the Operational Records of SEM in the materials department. Mild only used twice SEM last year, 30minutes each, and never operated transmission electron microscope before. There were gossips about his incompetence of SEM operation. Gesheng initiated a chat with Mild in a coffee break, talking about the principle of operation. Mild appeared to be entirely ignorant of the SEM imaging.
Gesheng discussed his concerns with his group leader, Dr. Young, a talent from Chinese Academy. Dr. Young ordered Gesheng to keep silent. Gesheng did not hold the hard evidence , and was under-prepared. Keeping watching was a good option for him then.
After the communication was published, other graduate students were forced to list it in their thesis. Since Prof. Taylor’s name is on the author list, they had to use it in their publications and thesis.
Discussion Questions: • When Mild realized that his supervisor had submitted a paper with his name on it without telling him, he was very upset with Taylor. If someone found out the SEM image was a fake or any of the data turned out to be erroneous, his professional career could be damaged. Who should Mild talk with about the publication of fake image? Fellow students? Good friend? The department head? • Should Mild talk with Prof. Taylor first to ask about his authorship policies? • Should Mild just forget about the manuscript submission for now and work on trying to change a research subject? • Was it justifiable for Prof. Taylor to recommend a friend to peer review their manuscripts? • Was it ethical for Prof. Taylor to submit a manuscript without the consent of Mild ? • At this stage in his graduate career, what complications might Mild face if he changed research advisers? • Was Gesheng ‘s decision to keep watching appropriate?since he did not have hard evidence. • It showed that he considered himself superior to his students and didn't feel that they need to know everything that went on, even if it related to their work. What were Prof. Taylor’s responsibilities to Mild? What were Mild’s responsibilities to Taylor?
Ethical Viewpoint
The case raised at least five major ethical issues: image fraud, authorship, the advisor-student relationship, journal editor and reviewer’s responsibility and the complaint procedure. Each of these issues was faced by many, if not all, materials researchers at some stage in their professional careers and if not handled properly, may resulted in serious consequences. Below would it address each topic that pertained to this case and input some insight to the discussions.
Integrity and honesty were the important parts of research activities. All research grants were related to previous work, the scientific publications had been the hard evidence of the quality and promise of the previous work. Falsification of data or fabrication of photos could mislead others and prevent them from fulfilling the expectations of their grants and waste their precious time, as well as lead science astray in the wrong direction. Falsification of data and/or fabrication of figures were essentially research misconduct and, it fell under the category of "misrepresentation." in the Commission on Research Integrity.
In this issue, Mild was feeling pressure since, even though he had established himself as a good scientist, he needed the publication to help him get the doctoral grant. He made a couple of mistakes. First, Mild printed a linear scale of 50,000X on an optical image of 50X so that the optical image looks like a SEM one. Second, he decided to try to publish fake result and passed it to his advisor without telling him the truth. Prof. Taylor should have made sure that it is reproducible, since Mild was working at the bench and might not be aware of how good his results are at the technical level.
Dr. Taylor decided to publish a manuscript without telling his student, Mild, whom he listed as the first author. This procedure was contrary to the policy of Journal. Under the editorial policy and the instructions to authors section, it stated: "All authors must have agreed to its submission and are responsible for its content."
Mild should have discussed his authorship policies with Taylor, to avoid such problems in the future when he was aware of the awkward situation. It was quite common in labs for students to be left off the list of authors although they thoguht they had contributed enough to be listed as authors. It also often happened that students received credit for authorship when they did little work to the results. It’s commonly accepted that an author was one who hadmade a substantial contribution to the overall idea, execution of the experiments and data processing.
In this case, Gesheng was in a relatively tough situation. On one hand, if his findings turned out to be that the SEM image was erroneous, Mild’s career could suffer if Gesheng told the department dean.
Furthermore, if other students based their thesis on his results, their career could suffer as well. On the other hand, when students began graduate school they felt pressure to publish. Since Mild was at an early stage in his graduate study, he would benefit from the paper, which would demonstrate his ability as a materials researcher and provide further benefits as he completed his doctoral degree and/or applies for fellowships.
Nonetheless, Mild needed to confront Taylor about his publication without his consent, since these actions were not ethical scientific practice. In the meantime, Gesheng should wait and continue to looked for the hard evidence on the reproduction of his photos.
In most issues, the paper would come back from peer reviewers with a demand for revisions and by that time, it was a good chance for Taylor to call the editor and withdraw the manuscript from review. Please note that Mild approaching and confronting was not a suggested route for a subordinate to his supervisor.
At first glance, it appeared that Prof. Taylor monitored his lab as strictly as a real materials scientist. However, through his interactive communication with Mild as illustrated here, Prof. Taylor decided to publish a manuscript without the consent of his student, Mild, whom he listed as the primary author. Maybe he thought that Mild didnot need to know every detail.
As a graduate adviser, Prof. Taylor was responsible for training Mild to be a good materials researcher and teaching him how the world of materials science works. Mild was responsible to be honest and integrity for working hard and contributing as much as possible to the scientific achievement of the lab.
Since Mild was early in his graduate study, he needed to decide if Taylor was still the person that he wanted to work for. He might find that another advisor would better suit him. However, the longer he waited and hesitated, the more work involved in his research, and the harder it would be for him to drop it and start fresh. Furthermore, it would take him longer time to complete the PhD.
Another issue was the editorial responsibility and peer review. An editor's responsibility probably varied a little from field to field. In journal of American Ceramic Association, the managing editor was the final deciding factor on whether a paper would be published.
The editor could also decide whether a reviewer recommended by the author will be chosen. After chief editor identified two or three appropriate reviewers, a manuscript was submitted to a particular reviewer, and the reviewer had the power to comment the paper. On the basis of the reviews, the managing editor judged whether the manuscript was appropriate for the publication in the specific journal.
In this case, Taylor sent the paper to the managing editor, George, because he knew Mild and George was friendly with him personally. It could be inferred that Taylor did in this way to increase the chances that the paper would be published. It was probable that if the reviews were marginal and met the minimum requirements, then the chief editor, George’s opinion would favor publication, which would be a biased decision only because he was one personal friend of his. It was a typical conflict of interest, which could be avoided at all circumstances. The conflict of interest did not enhance fairness in evaluating research work for publication. These cases did occur sometimes, and all researchers and professors should be aware of this problem. Conflict of interest was very common in the peer review process as well, which could damage the careers of many young materials researchers and caused many students to suffer.
(Total 3.5 hours)
Image de SEM, Image Optique, Communication---Étudiant Sous-préparé (5)
Gesheng Li, 12-28-2012
Dr. Taylor est un professeur de titularisation de département des matériaux à l'université d'ace au Canada. Il y a 20 étudiants universitaires, ingénieurs et associés des recherches dans son groupe de céramique. C’est le conseiller universitaire du département des matériaux, un rôle puissant d'école universitaire. Son groupe céramique est la plus grande base de recherches dans la côte occidentale du Canada.
Prof. Taylor s’intéresse à travail inachevé, il exige de ses étudiants de participer à différentes réunions et à réunions de groupe avec lui chaque jeudi après-midi. Il lit toujours chaque donnée, courbe, graphe, et photo, et il fait parfois les expériences avec ses étudiants.
M. Mild est un PH.D étudiant de deuxième année dans le département des matériaux, et Prof. Taylor est son conseiller de thèse. Mild a récemment accompli la majorité du coursework que le programme de Ph.D demande et il a fini la recherche de référence de sa thèse. Quoiqu'il juste commencé les expériences, certaines de ses données initiales sont bonnes.
Mild est à l'origine d’Iran, un pays qui n'est pas populaire au Canada, comme la Chine, la Russie, le Vietnam et la Corée du Nord, bien qu'il parle anglais complètement fluent.
L'aide financière est la cause la plus stressante. Mild n'a jamais publie un papier au Canada. Il a su que beaucoup de ses pairs publient des papiers, il était pression de sentiment de publier un papier de établir son record d'universitaire, afin d'obtenir l'aide financière et rester compétitive dans le domaine de recherche.
Il décide d'écrire un manuscrit qui inclut un résultat faux de sa photo de microscope pour obtenir l'aide doctoral. Mild a imprimé une règle linéaire de 50,000X sur une photo optique de 50X, la photo optique ressemble un SEM photo (scanning electron microscopic image). Les tailles de TiO2 nano particules ont une distribution uniforme parfaitement.
Chacun peut voir que c'est un résultat faux. C’est impossible de cristalliser la distribution des nano particules uniforme naturellement parfaitement, quand il y a toujours perturbation ou turbulence non homogène.
Mild a su que le journal de l'association en céramique américaine a accepté les « communications », qui requise seulement une photo et ~200 mots, C’est beaucoup plus facile de publier.
Jeudi après-midi, Mild a volontairement donné Taylor son manuscrit. Il a demandé à Taylor d'évaluer son progrès. Mild a rappelé son conseiller qu'il a voulu publie une communication dans le journal de l'association en céramique américaine.
Il a rencontré prof. George dans une conférence des USA l'année dernière, qui est le rédacteur en chef du journal. Il devrait être facile de faire une affaire secrète avec lui. C’est juste une communication, moins importante que les papiers normaux. Le journal permet à l'auteur de recommander un critique pour son papier.
Taylor a eu seulement 20 minutes de lire le papier de communication. En réalité, il n'a pas complètement compris le papier. Ses commentaires sur le papier ont donné seulement les choses commun, comme « conformés dans la grammaire et la ponctuation », « le modèle d'écriture devraient être clairs, concis, précis et succinct » , « foyer sur la distribution uniforme de la taille particulaire TiO2 », « énumèrent les papiers de prof. Cindy, le critique, dans le référence » , et « requis de utiliser ses papiers dans la référence de augmenter le taux de citation de groupe en céramique. »
Taylor est un bon rédacteur de papier ; il recherche normalement les erreurs de la grammaire et de la ponctuation, ses écritures fraudes vraiment les étudiants étrangers souvent, et c'est un travail facile de tuer le temps.
Prof. Taylor utilise normalement le « Microsoft Word » de trouver les bogues de la grammaire et des orthographes mauvaises anglaises. Il a un modèle fixe de écrire un papier, comme « however» guide aux limitations de la recherche du prédécesseur, «The primary purpose of this study» explique l'importance de l'accomplissement, « The research study focuses in » illustre le procédé de la technologie, « in conclusion» résume les résultats de l'expérience, etc. ses papiers montrent la similitude structurale dans le modèle d'écriture.
Il y a 20 étudiants universitaires, ingénieurs et associés des recherches dans son groupe de céramique. C’est le conseiller universitaire du département des matériaux, un rôle puissant d'école universitaire. Taylor est toujours occupé, et il n'a pas le temps de étudier l'image de SEM. Basé sur le travail de gestion dans le département des matériaux, il n'y a pas une chance qu'il pourrait avoir été lu le travail de Mild, bien qu'il a réalisé les expériences n'ont pas été reproduites.
Prof. Taylor a fini d'éditer et lire les figures dans 20 minutes, et il a soumis un manuscrit au journal de l'association en céramique américaine pour la publication sans consentement de Mild. Taylor a énuméré Mild comme auteur premier et lui deuxième auteur sur le papier. Il a recommandé un critique, prof. Cindy, qui a été son ami pendant beaucoup d'années.
Si Mild rendu compte que son conseiller avait soumis un papier avec son nom sans son consentement, il a été très vexé par Taylor. Si l'image de SEM ne pourrait pas être répétée et est un faux, sa carrière de recherches sera endommagée.
Il a juste commencé son travail dans un laboratoire de recherches, et il n'était pas sûr comment il pourrait réagir s'il trouvait quelque chose mal. Il convaincu lui-même, il est possible que c'est la manière que des choses sont faites à l'université d'Ace. Il avait travaillé en laboratoire de Taylor pendant une année, et il n'est pas très confortable avec son conseiller. Il se demande s'il parle avec certains des autres étudiants universitaires, cela qu'ils peuvent aider lui de résoudre le problème.
Mild rapidement habitué la situation, et décidé de garder silencieux, même à son ami, Gesheng, un étudiant de master de Chine, il n'a dit rien au sujet du papier. Mild a observé la situation du laboratoire céramique pendant longtemps. C'est la manière que des choses sont faites en laboratoire de Taylor. Il doit garder le secret pour prof. Taylor en raison de degré doctoral. Les étudiants sont toujours un groupe faible.
Le rédacteur de gestion est le facteur décisif de publier les papiers dans le cadre de la politique éditoriale. Le journal utilise une politique de pair-revue, qui permet l'auteur de recommander un critique pour son papier. Prof. Taylor a soumis le papier et a recommandé son ami, prof. Cindy de revoir le papier.
Cindy était d'accord de publier la communication dans son commentaire en raison de l'amitié de Taylor. Le rédacteur en chef, George, consenti à la demande de la publication de Taylor par le conseil de Cindy. Il est un juste une petite communication, qui a répondu aux exigences minimum du journal.
Le papier a été publié rapidement. Mild Énuméré ça dans la référence de sa thèse doctorale, qui a ressemblé à un record formel et universitaire.
Mild a été excité après réception de la lettre de l'acceptation du journal de l'association en céramique américaine. D'autres étudiants ont approché lui et ont essayé d'apprendre le secret de la publication. Chacun peut voir qui Mild était chanceux. Il n'y a pas une nouvelle idée dans le papier.
Gesheng a travaillé dans le laboratoire de SEM du département des matériaux journalier, et Mild n’a pas travaillé dans le laboratoire. Il ne pouvait pas rendre image tellement belle et parfaite par le SEM dans le département. C’est impossible que le technicien de microscope, Mary, n'ait pas montré à Gesheng ses qualifications uniques
Gesheng était un adjoint administratif de bureau d'étudiant à l'étranger dans la base de Pékin. Il s’intéresse à professionnellement le procédé doctoral de formation des universités du Canada. Gesheng a prudemment étudié les records opérationnels de SEM dans le département des matériaux. Mild utilisé SEM doux fois l'année dernière, 30minutes chacun seulement.
Il y avait des ragots au sujet de son incompétence d'opération de SEM. Gesheng lance une causerie avec Mild en une pause-café, parlant du principe d'opération. Mild semblé d’être entièrement ignorant d'opération de SEM.
Après que le papier ait été publié, d'autres étudiants gradués ont été forcés de énumérer ça en leur thèse. Puisque Le nom de prof. Taylor est sur la liste d'auteur, ils doivent utiliser ça en leurs publications aussi.
Discussion Questions:
Est-ce que Mild doit parler avec Prof. Taylor en premier au sujet de ses politiques de profession d'auteur?
Quand Mild rendu compte que son surveillant avait soumis un papier avec son nom et sans son consentement, qui devrait Mild entretien avec environ la publication de l'image fausse ? Étudiants de camarade ? Bon ami ? Le chef de département?
Est il justifiable que prof. Taylor a recommandé un ami de revoir leurs manuscrits ?
Est il moral que prof. Taylor a soumis un manuscrit sans consentement de Mild ?
Est La décision de Gesheng appropriée ? puisqu'il n'a pas eu l'évidence.
Quelles sont les responsabilités de prof. Taylor à Mild ? Quelles sont les responsabilités de Mild à Taylor ?
Point éthique
Le cas a cinq questions éthiques: fraude d'image, profession d'auteur, le relation de conseiller-étudiant, responsabilité de rédacteur et de critique, et le procédé de plainte. Chacune de ces questions est faite face par beaucoup de chercheurs de matériaux dans leurs carrières professionnelles et, ils peuvent avoir comme conséquence des conséquences graves, s'ils ne sont pas manipulés correctement.
L'intégrité et l'honnêteté sont les parties importantes d'activités en recherches. Toutes les bourses de recherches sont liées aux travaux précédents, les publications scientifiques ont été l'évidence de la qualité et la promesse des travaux précédents. La falsification des données ou la fabrication des photos peut tromper autre et perdre leur temps précieux, et mène la science égarée dans la direction fausse.
La falsification des données et/ou la fabrication des figures sont essentiellement mauvaise conduite de recherches et, c'est un comportement de présentation tendancieuse dans la Commission sur l'intégrité de recherches.
En ce cas, Mild est la pression de sentiment puisqu'il a besoin de la publication d’obtenir l’aide doctorale. Il fait 2 erreurs. D'abord, Mild a imprimé une scale linéaire de 50,000X sur une image optique de 50X, il a triché l'image de SEM. Il décide de publier le résultat faux et passé ça à son conseiller sans lui dire la vérité.
Mild devrait discuter sa profession d'auteur avec Taylor, il peut éviter les problèmes à l'avenir quand il est dans la situation maladroite. Il est commun que les étudiants aient été supprimés de la liste d'auteurs bien qu'ils pensent qu'ils ont contribué d’être énumérés comme auteurs. Souvent les étudiants reçoivent le crédit pour la profession d'auteur quand ils ne travaillent pas aux résultats. On l'accepte généralement qu'un auteur a fait une contribution substantielle à l'idée et l'exécution des expériences.
En ce cas, Gesheng est dans une situation dure. Si ses résultats sont que l'image de SEM est incorrecte, la carrière de Mild pourrait souffrir si Gesheng indique ça à doyen de département. Si d'autres étudiants utilisent ses résultats en leur thèse, leur carrière pourrait souffrir aussi. Quand les étudiants commencent l'étude graduée, ils commencent à avoir la pression de publier. L’article démontrera la capacité de Mild en tant que chercheur de matériaux et fournira d'autres avantages quand il accomplit son degré doctoral et/ou sollicite des camaraderies.
Mild a besoin de confronter Taylor au sujet de sa publication sans son consentement, parce que ces actions ne sont pas pratique scientifique morale. Gesheng devrait attendre et continuer à rechercher l'évidence sur la reproduction des photos.
Le papier reviendra des critiques avec une demande des révisions, quand c'est une bonne chance que Taylor appelle le rédacteur et retire le manuscrit. La confrontation de Mild n'est pas un itinéraire suggéré pour un étudiant à son surveillant.
Prof. Taylor contrôle son laboratoire très strictement en tant que vrai scientifique de matériaux. Cependant, de sa communication avec Mild qui est illustré ici, prof. Taylor décide de publier un manuscrit sans consentement de son étudiant, Mild, qu'il énumère en tant qu'auteur primaire. Il est possible qu'il pense dont Mild n'a pas besoin de connaître chaque détail.
Prof. Taylor est responsable de s'exercer Mild d’être un bon chercheur de matériaux et de enseigner lui comment le monde de la science des matériaux fonctionne. Mild est responsable d’être honnêtes et l'intégrité à travailler dur et contribuer à l'accomplissement scientifique du laboratoire.