陇山陇西郡
宁静纯我心 感得事物人 写朴实清新. 闲书闲话养闲心,闲笔闲写记闲人;人生无虞懂珍惜，以沫相濡字字真。
Sarah Sze 
Sarah Sze | Gagosian
 | A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. (July 2020) |
| Sarah Sze | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1969 (age 53–54) Boston, Massachusetts, US |
| Alma mater | Yale University, BA 1991 School of Visual Arts, MFA 1997 |
| Known for | Sculpture |
| Spouse | Siddhartha Mukherjee |
| Awards | MacArthur Fellow 2003 US Representative for the Venice Biennale 2013 |
| Website | sarahsze |
Sarah Sze (/?zi?/; born 1969) is an American artist and professor of visual arts at Columbia University.[1] She has exhibited internationally and her works are in the collections of several major museums. Sze's work explores the role of technology and information in contemporary life utilizing everyday materials.[2] Drawing from Modernist traditions, Sze's work often represents objects caught in suspension.[3]
Early life and education[edit]
Sze was born in Boston in 1969. Her father, Chia-Ming Sze, was an architect who moved to the United States from Shanghai at age four and her mother, Judy Mossman, was an Anglo-Scottish-Irish schoolteacher. Sze reports that as a child she would draw constantly.[4] She attended Milton Academy as a day student and graduated summa cum laude with a BA in Architecture and Painting from Yale University in 1991.[5][6]
Career[edit]
Sze's work has been featured in The Whitney Biennial (2000), the Carnegie International (1999) and several international biennials, including Berlin (1998), Guangzhou (2015), Liverpool (2008), Lyon (2009), São Paulo (2002), and Venice (1999, 2013, and 2015). [7]
Sze has created public artworks for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Walker Art Center, and the High Line in New York.[7]
Sze is a 2003 MacArthur Fellow and was granted a Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Biennial Competition Award in 1999. [8]
Work[edit]
In 2013, Sze represented the United States at the Venice Biennale with an exhibition called Triple Point. [9]
On January 1, 2017, a permanent installation commissioned by MTA Arts & Design of drawings by Sze on ceramic tiles opened in the 96th Street subway station on the new Second Avenue Subway line in New York City.[10]
In 2020, Sze unveiled Shorter than the Day, a permanent installation, in LaGuardia Airport[11][12]
In 2021, Sze unveiled her most recent permanent installation, Fallen Sky, at Storm King Art Center,[13] Cornwall, New York.
For her 2023 exhibition called Timelapse at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, Sze created a series of site-specific installations through the Frank Lloyd Wright building.[14]
In 2023, Sze transformed a large Victorian waiting room at Peckham Rye Station in London into an immersive installation called The Waiting Room.
In 2023, Sze was featured in Art21's New York Closeup Series.[15]
Personal life[edit]
Sze has one brother, the venture capitalist David Sze. Sze lives in New York City with her husband Siddhartha Mukherjee and their two daughters.[6] Sze’s great-grandfather, Alfred Sao-ke Sze, was the first Chinese student to go to Cornell University. He was China’s minister to Britain and later ambassador to the United States. Her grandfather is Szeming Sze who was the initiator of World Health Organization.[citation needed]
Process[edit]
Sze draws from Modernist traditions of the found object, to build large scale installations.[16] She uses everyday items like string, Q-tips, photographs, and wire to create complex constellations whose forms change with the viewer's interaction.[17] The effect of this is to "challenge the very material of sculpture, the very constitution of sculpture, as a solid form that has to do with finite geometric constitutions, shapes, and content."[18]
When selecting materials, Sze focuses on the exploration of value acquisition–what value the object holds and how it is acquired. In an interview with curator Okwui Enwezor, Sze explained that during her conceptualization process, she will "choreograph the experience to create an ebb and flow of information [...] thinking about how people approach, slow down, stop, perceive [her art]."[3]
Exhibitions[edit]
Sze has staged a large number of solo exhibitions and shows across the United States and internationally. Her notable solo exhibitions include White Room (1997), White Columns, New York;[19] Sarah Sze (1999), Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago;[20] Sarah Sze: The Triple Point of Water (2003-2004), originating at the Whitney Museum, New York;[21] Triple Point (2013), American pavilion, 55th Venice Biennale;[22] and Sarah Sze: Timelapse (2023), Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York.[23]
Sze has also participated in a wide array of group exhibitions, including the Berlin Biennale (1998);[24] 48th[25] and 56th Venice Biennale[26] (1999, 2015); Whitney Biennial (2000);[27] and Liverpool Biennial (2008).[28]
Notable works in public collections[edit]
- Seamless (1999), Tate, London[29]
- Many a Slip (1999), Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles[30]
- Strange Attractor (2000), Whitney Museum, New York[31]
- Things Fall Apart (2001), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art[32]
- Untitled (Table Top) (2001), Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts[33]
- Grow or Die (2002), Walker Art Center, Minneapolis[34]
- The Letting Go (2002), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston[35]
- Everything in its right place (2002-2003), National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia[36]
- The Art of Losing (2004), 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Japan[37]
- Blue Poles (2004), List Visual Arts Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts[38]
- Second Means of Egress (Orange) (2004), Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, New York[39]
- Sexton (from Triple Point of Water) (2004-2005), Detroit Institute of Arts[40]
- Proportioned to the Groove (2005), Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago[41]
- 360 (Portable Planetarium) (2010), National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa[42]
- Triple Point (Pendulum) (2013), Museum of Modern Art, New York[43]
- Mirror with Landscape Leaning (Fragment Series) (2015), Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut[44]
- Plywood Sunset Leaning (Fragment Series) (2015), Cleveland Museum of Art[45]
- Split Stone (Northwest) (2019), Western Gallery, Western Washington University, Bellingham[46]
Awards and grants
Siddhartha Mukherjee
| Siddhartha Mukherjee | |
|---|---|
 Mukherjee in 2017 | |
| Born | 21 July 1970 New Delhi, India |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | |
| Known for | |
| Spouse | Sarah Sze |
| Children | 2 |
| Awards | Rhodes Scholarship Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction (2011) Guardian First Book Award (2011) Padma Shri (2014) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Immunology Cancer epidemiology Genetic epidemiology |
| Institutions | Columbia University |
| Thesis | The processing and presentation of viral antigens (1997) |
| Website | siddharthamukherjee |
Siddhartha Mukherjee (Bengali: ????????? ????????; born 21 July 1970)[1] is an Indian-American physician, biologist, and author. He is best known for his 2010 book, The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer, that won notable literary prizes including the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction,[2] and Guardian First Book Award,[3] among others. The book was listed in the "All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books" (the 100 most influential books of the last century) by Time magazine in 2011.[4] His 2016 book The Gene: An Intimate History made it to #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list,[5] and was among The New York Times 100 best books of 2016,[6] and a finalist for the Wellcome Trust Prize and the Royal Society Prize for Science Books.
After completing secondary school education in India, Mukherjee studied biology at Stanford University, obtained a D.Phil. from University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, and an M.D. from Harvard University. He joined New York–Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Medical Center in New York City in 2009. As of 2018, he is an Associate Professor of Medicine in the Division of Hematology and Oncology.[7]
Featured in the Time 100 list of most influential people, Mukherjee writes for The New Yorker and is a columnist in The New York Times. He is described as part of a select group of doctor-writers (such as Oliver Sacks and Atul Gawande) who have "transformed the public discourse on human health",[8] and allowed a generation of readers a rare and intimate glimpse into the life of science and medicine.[9] His research concerns the physiology of cancer cells, immunological therapy for blood cancers, and the discovery of bone- and cartilage-forming stem cells in the vertebrate skeleton.[10]
The Government of India conferred on him its fourth highest civilian award, the Padma Shri, in 2014.[11]
Early life and education[edit]
Siddhartha Mukherjee was born to a Bengali Brahmin family in New Delhi, India. His father, Sibeswar Mukherjee, was an executive with Mitsubishi, and his mother Chandana Mukherjee, was a former school teacher from Calcutta (now Kolkata). He attended St. Columba's School in Delhi, where he won the school's highest award, the 'Sword of Honour', in 1989. As a biology major at Stanford University, he worked in Nobel Laureate Paul Berg's laboratory, defining cellular genes that change the behaviours of cancer cells. He earned membership in Phi Beta Kappa[12] in 1992, and completed his Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree in 1993.[1]
Mukherjee won a Rhodes Scholarship for doctoral research at Magdalen College, University of Oxford. He worked on the mechanism of activation of the immune system by viral antigens. He was awarded a D.Phil. in 1997 for his thesis titled The processing and presentation of viral antigens.[13] After graduation, he attended Harvard Medical School, where he earned his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree in 2000.[14] Between 2000 and 2003 he worked as a resident in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital. From 2003 to 2006 he trained in oncology as a Fellow at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (under Harvard Medical School) in Boston, Massachusetts.[15][16]
Career[edit]
In 2009, Mukherjee joined the faculty of the Department of Medicine in the Division of Hematology/Oncology at the Columbia University Medical Center as an assistant professor.[1][17] The medical center is attached to the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital in New York City.[18]
He was previously affiliated with the Harvard Stem Cell Institute and with Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. He has worked as the Plummer Visiting Professor at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, the Joseph Garland lecturer at the Massachusetts Medical Society, and an honorary visiting professor at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.[19] His laboratory is based at Columbia University's Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center.[20]
Contributions[edit]
Cancer research[edit]
Mukherjee is a trained haematologist and oncologist whose research focuses on the links between normal stem cells and cancer cells. Through his findings, he had shown the roles of cells in cancer therapy.[21] He has been investigating the microenvironment ("niche") of stem cells, particularly on blood-forming (haematopoietic) stem cells. Blood-forming stem cells are present in the bone marrow in very specific microenvironments. Osteoblasts, cells that form bone, are one of the principal components in this environment. These cells regulate the process of blood cell formation and development by providing them with signals to divide, remain quiescent, or maintain their stem cell properties.[22] Distortion in the development of these cells results in severe blood cancers, such as myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia.[23] Mukherjee's research has been recognised through many grants from the National Institutes of Health and from private foundations.[10][24][25]
Mukherjee and his co-workers have identified several genes and chemicals that can alter the microenvironment, or niche, and thereby alter the behavior of normal stem cells, as well as cancer cells.[26][27][28][29][30][31] Two such chemicals – proteasome inhibitors[26] and activin inhibitors[32] – are under clinical trials.[33][34] Mukherjee's lab has also identified novel genetic mutations in myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leukaemia and has played a leading role in finding therapies for these diseases.[35][36]
Bone formation[edit]
Mukherjee's team is also known for defining and characterizing skeletal stem/progenitor cells (also called osteochondroreticular or OCR cells). In 2015, they prospectively identified these progenitor cells from bone, and showed, using lineage tracing, that these cells can give rise to bone, cartilage, and reticular cells (hence the term "OCR" cells). They established that these cells form a part of the adult skeleton in vertebrates, and that they maintain and repair the skeleton.[37]
OCR cells are among the newest progenitor cells to be defined in vertebrates.[38] The work generated wide interest and was described in journals as a major breakthrough for understanding biology and for understanding diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.[39][40] Mukherjee's team have shown that OCR cells can be transplanted into animals, and they can regenerate cartilage and bone after fractures.[37] With Daniel L. Worthley's team at the University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute they have been working on the translational cell-based research on osteoarthritis and cancer.[37][41]
Metabolic therapies for cancer[edit]
Mukherjee's lab has also been investigating the interaction between cancer genetics and the microenvironment, including the metabolic environment. It has been well established that metabolism in cancer is fundamentally altered,[42] Mukherjee's team has found the role of a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) in cancer therapy. They showed that ketogenic diet suppressed insulin production in the body, and this in turn enhances pharmaceutical inhibition of PIK3CA, a gene which is mutated and commonly overactive in cancers.[43]
Immune therapies for acute leukemia[edit]
Mukherjee's lab, with the help of PureTech Health plc, has been investigating chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells (CAR-T) therapy in a joint venture called Vor BioPharma since 2016.[44] They have combined CAR-T therapies with genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells to specifically target malignant hematopoietic lineages, while transplanted stem cells replenish the lineage but remain antigenically concealed. This technology has been developed so that, in addition to B cell malignancies, other lineage specific cancers could be targeted.[45] This provides an important new approach to managing acute myeloid leukemia.[46]
Books[edit]
In 2010, Simon & Schuster published his book The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer[47] detailing the evolution of diagnosis and treatment of human cancers from ancient Egypt to the latest developments in chemotherapy and targeted therapy.[48] On 18 April 2011, the book won the annual Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction; the citation called it "an elegant inquiry, at once clinical and personal, into the long history of an insidious disease that, despite treatment breakthroughs, still bedevils medical science."[49] It was listed in the "All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books" (the 100 most influential books of the last century)[4] and the "Top 10 Nonfiction Books of 2010" by Time in 2011.[50] It was also listed in "The 10 Best Books of 2010" by The New York Times[51] and "Top 10 Books of 2010" by O, The Oprah Magazine.[52] In 2011, it was nominated as a National Book Critics Circle Award finalist.[53]
Based on the book, Ken Burns made a PBS Television documentary film Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies in 2015,[54] which was nominated for an Emmy Award.[55]
Mukherjee's 2016 book The Gene: An Intimate History provides a history of genetic research, but also delves into the personal genetic history of the author's family, including mental illness. The book discusses the power of genetics in determining people's health and attributes, but it also has a cautionary tone to not let genetic predispositions define fate, a mentality that led to the rise of eugenics in history and something he thinks lacks the nuance required to understand something as complex as human beings. Harriet Hall describes Cancer and The Gene as "the story of science itself".[56] The Gene was shortlisted for the Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize 2016, "the Nobel Prize of science writing".[57] The book was also the recipient of the 2017 Phi Beta Kappa Society Book Award in Science.[58]
Ken Burns made a two-part PBS Television documentary film The Gene: An Intimate History in 2020.[59]
In his book The Song of the Cell, published in 2022, Mukherjee describes the history and medical mystery from the discovery of cell. Narrated in metaphors, many of which he created, such as "gunslinging sheriff" for antibody and "gumshoe detective" to T cell, he tells the development of cell biology and how it became vital to modern medicine, from genetic engineering to immunotherapies.[60] Suzanne O'Sullivan, reviewing in The Guardian, explains the book as a tool for "the reader to imagine they are an astronaut investigating the cell as if it is an unknown spacecraft".[61]
Criticism and response[edit]
In his 2016 article "Same but different" in The New Yorker, Mukherjee attributed the most important genetic functions to epigenetic factors (such as histone modification and DNA methylation). Giving an analogy of his mother and her twin sister, he explains:
Mukherjee also claimed that understanding of epigenetics "would overturn fundamental principles of biology, including our understanding of evolution," as he said:
The article, an excerpt from the chapter "The First Derivative of Identity" of his book The Gene: An Intimate History,[63] "unleashed a torrent of criticism" from geneticists, as The Guardian book review wrote.[64] As David Hornby of the University of Sheffield put it: "all (scientific) hell broke loose! It seemed to some that the slumbering giant of Lamarck was about to gain a new audience."[65] Mukherjee foresaw the reaction, as he noted: "These fantasies should invite skepticism."[62]
The article was critiqued by geneticists such as Mark Ptashne, at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and John Greally, at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, because of overemphasis on histone modification and DNA methylation. They commented that these two processes have only minor influences in overall gene function. Steven Henikoff, at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, opined that, "Mukherjee seemed not to realize that transcription factors occupy the top of the hierarchy of epigenetic information," and said, "histone modifications at most act as cogs in the machinery."[66] Omission of transcription factors was viewed as an "overarching" mistake,[67] as Richard Mann at the Columbia University Medical Center remarked: "Only a talmudic-like reading can reveal a hint that something other than histone modifications are at play."[66]
It is now generally believed that histone modification and DNA methylations are major factors of epigenetic functions, aging and certain diseases,[68] and with an ability to influence transcription factors.[69] However, they contribute little to development.[70][71] In response, Mukherjee did admit that omission of transcription factors "was an error" on his part.[66] However, The New Yorker defended the article that: "None of it negates the fundamental importance of transcription factors."[67]
Jerry Coyne of the University of Chicago remarked: "Until there is evidence for this kind of evolutionary transformation—ANY evidence, people should stop yammering about this kind of 'Lamarckian' evolution."[72] Phillip Ball, British science writer and editor of the journal Nature, also agreed that Mukherjee certainly "got some things wrong". Writing in the Prospect, he said, "Such claims [that some epigenetic changes can be inherited] are controversial—but even if they prove to be true, it seems highly unlikely that the effect will persist for many generations of will have long-term consequences for human evolution."[72] According to Ute Deichmann of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, even if there are evidences of variation by epigenetic inheritance, they would not be counted as Lamarckian as they are not acquired or adaptive.[73]
Mukherjee did not say that epigenetic processes have established Lamarckism, as he noted in his article that "epigenetic scratch marks are rarely, if ever, carried forward across generations."[62] In an interview on NPR, he said, "[Lamarckian inheritance is] very rarely true and I would say almost never true".[74]
Mukherjee also criticises the IQ test as a measure of intelligence, and endorses the theory of multiple intelligences (introduced by Howard Gardner) over general intelligence. He argues that the results of IQ tests for determining general intelligence do not represent intelligence in the real world. Reviewing the book in The Spectator, Stuart Ritchie, a psychologist at the University of Edinburgh, remarked that Gardner's theory is "debunked" and that "general intelligence is probably the most well-replicated phenomenon in all of psychological science."[75]
List of books published[edit]
- 2010: The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (ISBN 978-0-00-725092-9).[76]
- 2015: The Laws of Medicine: Field Notes from an Uncertain Science (ISBN 978-1-4711-4185-0).[77]
- 2016: The Gene: An Intimate History (ISBN 978-1476733500).[78]
- 2022: The Song of the Cell: An Exploration of Medicine and the New Human (ISBN 9781982117351).[79]
Awards and honours[edit]
Mukherjee has won many awards including:
- 1993: Rhodes Scholarship, 1993–1996.
- 2010: Gabrielle Angel's Leukemia Foundation Award 2010.
- 2010: New York Times Magazine, "100 Notable Books of 2010" for The Emperor of All Maladies.[6]
- 2011: Los Angeles Times Book Award, Finalist in the category of Science & Technology for The Emperor of All Maladies.[80]
- 2011: Pulitzer Prize for The Emperor of All Maladies.[49]
- 2011: PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award for The Emperor of All Maladies.[81]
- 2011: Cancer Leadership Award (shared with Kathleen Sebelius and Orrin Hatch).[82]
- 2011: National Book Critics Circle Award, finalist for The Emperor of All Maladies.[53]
- 2011: Time magazine, 100 best non-fiction books of all time for The Emperor of All Maladies.[4]
- 2011: Time 100, most influential people.[83]
- 2011: Wellcome Trust Book Prize shortlist for The Emperor of All Maladies.[84]
- 2011: Guardian First Book Award for The Emperor of All Maladies.[3]
- 2012: Boston Public Library Literary Lights 2012.[85]
- 2014: Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award by Government of India.[11][86]
- 2016: The Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize 2016 (shortlisted) for The Gene.[87]
- 2016: Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction longlist for The Gene.[88]
- 2016: Washington Post's "10 Best Books of 2016" for The Gene.[89]
- 2017: Phi Beta Kappa Society Book Award in Science for The Gene.[58]
- 2017: Wellcome Book Prize (shortlisted) for The Gene.[90]
- 2018: Honorary doctorate degrees in medicine from the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland,[91] and from the University of Southern California.[92]
- 2023: The Song of the Cell: An Exploration of Medicine and the New Human. Notable Book, American Library Association. Reference and User Services Association.[93]
Personal life[edit]
Mukherjee lives in New York and is married to artist Sarah Sze, winner of a MacArthur "Genius" grant and representative of the United States to the 2013 Venice Biennale. They have two daughters, Leela and Aria.[94]
