历史上的10月3日

今天是10月3日，2023年的第275天，今年还剩90天。

世界历史上的今天发生了以下值得我关注的事件：

1，1863

美国林肯总统宣布感恩节正式放假

2，1932

伊拉克赢得独立

3，1952

英国成功制造了核武器，成为世界上第三大核大国

4，1990

德国重新统一

以下是较为详细的介绍：

1863

美国林肯总统宣布感恩节正式放假

1863年10月3日，亚伯拉罕·林肯总统为对联邦军在葛底斯堡的关键胜利表示感谢，宣布国家将于1863年11月26日庆祝正式的感恩节假期。

19世纪中叶，流行杂志《Godey's Lady's Book》的编辑Sarah Josepha Hale为全国感恩节竞选，以促进团结。她最终赢得了亚伯拉罕·林肯总统的支持。1863年10月3日，在内战期间，林肯宣布在11月26日星期四庆祝全国感恩节。

罗斯福于1942年发布公告，指定11月的第四个星期四（并不总是最后一个星期四）为感恩节。

编者? 感恩节，美国和加拿大一年一度的国定假日，庆祝过去一年的收获和其他祝福。美国人普遍认为，他们的感恩节是仿照1621年普利茅斯的英国殖民者（朝圣者）和万帕诺格人分享的丰收盛宴。编者?

President Lincoln proclaims official Thanksgiving holiday

On October 3, 1863, expressing gratitude for a pivotal Union Army victory at Gettysburg, President Abraham Lincolnannounces that the nation will celebrate an official Thanksgiving holiday on November 26, 1863.

1932

伊拉克赢得独立

随着伊拉克加入国际联盟，英国终止了对阿拉伯国家的委任统治，使伊拉克在英国统治17年和奥斯曼帝国统治数百年后独立。

英国在第一次世界大战期间从奥斯曼土耳其手中夺取了伊拉克，并于1920年被国际联盟授权治理国家。1921年，在英国的保护下组织了哈希姆君主制，1932年10月3日，伊拉克王国获得独立。伊拉克政府与英国保持着密切的经济和军事关系，导致了几次反英叛乱。1941年亲轴心国的起义导致了英国的军事干预后，伊拉克政府同意支持盟军。1958年，君主制被推翻，在接下来的二十年里，伊拉克被一系列军事和文官政府统治。

1979年，萨达姆·侯赛因将军成为伊拉克独裁者；他用铁腕掌权，直到2003年他被美国领导的盟军处决。

Iraq wins independence

With the admission of Iraq into the League of Nations, Britain terminates its mandate over the Arab nation, making Iraq independent after 17 years of British rule and centuries of Ottoman rule.

Britain seized Iraq from Ottoman Turkey during World War Iand was granted a mandate by the League of Nations to govern the nation in 1920. A Hashemite monarchy was organized under British protection in 1921, and on October 3, 1932, the kingdom of Iraq was granted independence. The Iraqi government maintained close economic and military ties with Britain, leading to several anti-British revolts. A pro-Axis revolt in 1941 led to a British military intervention, and the Iraqi government agreed to support the Allied war effort. In 1958, the monarchy was overthrown, and for the next two decades Iraq was ruled by a series of military and civilian governments. 

In 1979, General Saddam Hussein became Iraqi dictator; he held onto power with an iron fist until disappearing in 2003. He was later found in hiding, stood trial and was executed following an American-led coalition’s invasion of Iraq.

1952

英国成功制造了核武器，成为世界上第三大核大国

The UK successfully conducts a nuclear weapon, becoming the world’s third nuclear power

1990

德国重新统一

10月3日是德国的统一日，是全国法定假日，是为纪念1990年10月3日原德意志联邦共和国（原西德）和原德意志民主共和国（原东德）正式宣布统一的国家性节日。

East and West Germany reunite after 45 years

Photo Credit: Gilles Leimdorfer/AFP/Getty Images

Less than one year after the destruction of the Berlin Wall, East and West Germany come together on what is known as “Unity Day.” 

Since 1945, when Soviet forces occupied eastern Germany, and the United States and other Allied forces occupied the western half of the nation at the close of World War II, divided Germany had come to serve as one of the most enduring symbols of the Cold War. 

Some of the most dramatic episodes of the Cold War took place there. The Berlin Blockade (June 1948–May 1949), during which the Soviet Union blocked all ground travel into West Berlin, and the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 were perhaps the most famous. With the gradual waning of Soviet power in the late 1980s, the Communist Party in East Germany began to lose its grip on power. Tens of thousands of East Germans began to flee the nation, and by late 1989 the Berlin Wall started to come down.