历史上的6/13日

今天是6/13日，2023年的第164天，今年还剩201天。

人类历史上的今天,发生了如下值得我关注的事件：

——1858

《中俄天津条约》签订

《中俄天津条约》，是1858年（咸丰八年）6月13日清朝与沙皇俄国签订的不平等条约，该条约与《中美天津条约》、《中英天津条约》和《中法天津条约》构成了《天津条约》的主体。

——1886

加拿大温哥华大火

1886年6月十三号一场大火烧毁了加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省温哥华市的近1000栋建筑。溫哥華遭受大火后不久，溫哥華消防部門（英语：Vancouver Fire and Rescue Services）便迅速成立。

Fire destroys nearly 1,000 buildings in Vancouver, British Columbia

——1900

1900年，德国驻华大使冯·凯特勒男爵用手杖殴打了两名年轻的义和团兄弟，引起义和团反抗，夜间大火烧红了整个北京 。最后该大使被义和团打死。

In China, Baron von Kettler, the German minister to China, beats two young Boxers with his walking stick; when word of this circulates, rioting and arson spread throughout Peking during the night

——1922 

人类历史上有记载的‘打嗝’最久的人开始打嗝

1922年六月十三日，美国爱荷华州农场主Charlie Osborne 查理.奥斯本在把一只三百五十磅的猪吊起来时，摔倒在地。此后他开始不停地打嗝，一直打了六十八年之久。这是‘打嗝’的世界吉斯尼记录。1990年的某一天，奥斯本不明原因地停止打嗝。十一个月后，奥斯本去世。患病期间，奥斯本平均每分钟打嗝20到40次，在1991年5月97岁去世之前，他总共打了约4.3亿次嗝。

生前他四处求医问药无果。有一个医生说他摔倒在地的时候跌破了一条供应“大脑脑干打嗝抑制区“的血管，导致打嗝。那么他最后突然不打嗝了，是他的血管又突然接通了吗？——编者

“I was hanging a 350-pound hog for butchering,” Osborne told People magazine in 1982. “I picked it up and then I fell down. I felt nothing。Ever since the accident on June 13, 1922, Osborne had hiccupped nonstop for almost seven decades. Osborne’s plight remains the longest attack of hiccups confirmed by Guinness World Records.

Charlie Osborne continued his hiccuping 

for 68 years, died 11 months after it stopped.

No doctor was able to help him. “One of the doctors I seen said later that I busted a blood vessel the size of a pin in my brain.” (The doctor in question, Terence Anthoney, posited that Osborne’s fall destroyed a small area in the brain stem that inhibits the hiccup response.

The man’s intractable hiccups, suddenly subsided in 1990。

On average, Osborne experienced 20 to 40 involuntary diaphragm spasms per minute. In total, he hiccupped an estimated 430 million times before his death in May 1991 at age 97. 

The Curious Case of Charles Osborne, Who Hiccupped for 68 Years Straight | History| Smithsonian Magazine

1920 

美国邮局禁止通过包裹邮寄儿童

按当时的邮寄价格，如果一个孩子的体重低于50磅的包裹重量限制，则以包裹邮递该孩子比其他旅行方式更便宜；因此当时父母邮寄孩子的事情各地邮局时有发生。

US Post Office says children cannot be sent by parcel post (after various instances)

Children "mailed" by their parents because it was cheaper to mail them - if a child came in under the 50 pound parcel weight limit, than other ways to travel

——1925 

1925年美国人查尔斯·詹金斯展示了同步图片和声音的传输（早期电视）。三年后，他成立了美国第一家电视台W3XK，作为詹金斯电视公司的一部分，从华盛顿特区广播。

Charles Jenkins demonstrates the transmission of synchronized pictures and sound (early television)

Jenkins was later active in television, becoming the first person to publicly demonstrate synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures and sound in June 1925. Three years later, he inaugurated America's first TV station, W3XK, broadcasting from Washington DC as part of the Jenkins Television Corporation.

—-1966

美国确立保护犯罪嫌疑人权利

1966年6月13日，美国最高法院在米兰达告诉亚利桑那州一案中做出裁决。确立了在审讯前必须告知所有犯罪嫌疑人的权利的原则。制定了标准的警察程序语：“你有权保持沉默。你说的任何话都可以，而且将会在法庭上对你不利，你有权聘请律师。如果你买不起，就会任命一个人给你，”这些话在电视和电影剧中听过很多次，以至于几乎人人耳熟能详。

The Miranda rights are established

On June 13, 1966, the U.S. Supreme Court hands down its decision in Miranda v. Arizona, establishing the principle that all criminal suspects must be advised of their rights before interrogation. Now considered standard police procedure, “You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can, and will, be used against you in court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford one, one will be appointed to you,” has been heard so many times in television and film dramas that it has become almost cliche.

1983 

美国的‘先锋10号’探测器成为第一个飞出太阳系的人造天体。

1972年美国国家航空与宇宙飞行局(NASA)发射的先驱者10号，于1983年6月13日飞出海王星的轨道。由于冥王星的轨道是个大椭圆，在此后17年里，其轨道都将在海王星的轨道内。先驱者10号将是第一个飞出太阳系的人造物体。

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NASA's Pioneer 10 becomes the 1st man-made object to leave the solar system

——2000年

韩国总统金大中在北方首都平壤会见朝鲜领导人金正日，开始首次朝韩峰会。

South Korean President Kim Dae-jung meets leader of North Korea Kim Jong-il, for the beginning of the first ever inter-Korea summit, in the northern capital of Pyongyang

——2008年

台灣海基會董事長江丙坤與中國大陸海協會會長陳雲林，在北京釣魚台賓館簽署《在大陸居民赴台旅遊協議》和《兩岸周末包機會談紀要》文件。

——2018 

南极冰川正在加速融化

《自然》杂志发表的报告中强调：南极每年以2000亿吨的融化速度，冰雪消融；25年内将有3万亿吨冰川融化。

Antarctica is melting at an accelerating rate - 200 billion tonnes a year, 3 trillion tonnes in 25 years, in report published in "Nature" journal

——2022 

6月十三日，在世人高通胀和经济衰退忧心重重之中，标准普尔下跌3.9%，比最近的一月三日的高点下跌20%，纽约证券交易所进入熊市。

New York stock exchange enters bear market territory (defined as falling 20% from a recent high - Jan 3) after the S&P falls 3.9%, amid fears of high inflation and a recession