公冶长篇第五
【原文】
5·1 子谓公冶长(1),“可妻也。虽在缧绁(2)之中,非其罪也。”以其子(3)妻(4)之。
【注释】
(1)公冶长:姓公冶名长,齐国人,孔子的弟子。
(2)缧绁:读“雷谢”,捆绑犯人用的绳索,这里借指牢狱。
(3)子:古时无论儿、女均称子。
(4)妻:读“气”,动词,嫁给。
【白话】
孔子评论公冶长说:“可以把女儿嫁给他,他虽然被关在牢狱里,但这并不是他的罪过。”于是,孔子就把自己的女儿嫁给了他。
【英译】
When commenting on Gongye Chang, Confucius said: “Anyone can marry his daughter to this man. Although he was in jail, yet no one can put blame on him.” Therefore, Confucius married his daughter to him.
【原文】
5·2 子谓南容(1),“邦有道(2),不废(3);邦无道,免于刑戮(4)。”以其兄之子妻之。
【注释】
(1)南容:姓南宫名适(读“过”),字子容。孔子的学生,通称他为南容。
(2)道:道,是说国家的政治符合最高的和最好的原则。这里指国家按照道管理,天下太平。
(3)废:废置,不任用。
(4)刑戮:刑罚。
【白话】
孔子评论南容说:“国家太平时,不会倒霉;国家混乱时,不会坐牢。”孔子把侄女嫁给了他。
【英译】
When commenting on Nan Rong, Confucius said: “During great order across the land, he will not get into trouble; while during disorder under heaven, he will not be put into jail.” And therefore, Confucius married his niece to Nan Rong.
【原文】
5·3 子谓子贱(1),君子哉若人(2),鲁无君子者,斯焉取斯(3)。”
【注释】
(1)子贱:姓宓(读“扶”)名不齐,字子贱。生于公元前521年,比孔子小49岁。
(2)若人:这个,此人。
(3)斯焉取斯:斯,此。第一个“斯”指子贱,第二个“斯”字指子贱的品德。
【译文】
孔子评论子贱说:“这个人真是个君子呀。如果鲁国没有君子,他是从哪里学到这种品德的呢?”
【英译】
When commenting on Tzu Jian, Confucius said: “What a gentleman Tzu Jian is! If no gentlemen in the country Lu, then where did he learn this sort of noble morality?”
【原文】
5·4 子贡问曰:“赐(1)也何如?”子曰:“女,器也。”曰:“何器也?”曰:“瑚琏(2)也。”
【注释】
(1) 赐: 就是子贡。姓端木,名赐,字子贡,又作子赣,亦称作卫赐,春秋末卫国人,孔子的著名弟子。
(2)瑚琏:古代祭祀时盛粮食用的器具。
【白话】
子贡问孔子:“我这个人怎么样?”孔子说:“你呀,好比一个器具。”子贡又问:“是什么器具呢?”孔子说:“是瑚琏。”
【英译】
Tzu Gong asked Confucius: “What do you think of me?” Confucius said: “You’re just like a tool.” Tzu Gong asked: “What sort of tool?” Confucius said: “Hulian. (an ancient tool to contain food when offering sacrifices) ”
【原文】
5·5 或曰:“雍(1)也仁而不佞(2)。”子曰:“焉用佞?御人以口给(3),屡憎于人,不知其仁(4)。焉用佞?”
【注释】
(1)雍:姓冉名雍,字仲弓,生于公元前522年,孔子的学生。
(2)佞:读“宁”第四声,能言善辩,有口才。
(3)口给:言语便捷、嘴快话多。
(4)不知其仁:指有口才者有仁与否不可知。
【白话】
有人说:“冉雍这个人有仁德但不善辩。”孔子说:“何必要能言善辩呢?靠伶牙利齿和人辩论,常常招致别人的讨厌,我不知道他是不是算得上仁,但何必要有好的口才呢?”
【英译】
Someone said: “Ran Yong is a noble-minded person but he’s not good at arguing.” Confucius said: “What’s the need to be good at arguing? If a person lives on arguing with a glib tongue, he will be detested by others. I don’t know whether he can be considered noble-minded person, but what’s the need to be eloquent?”
【原文】
5·6 子使漆雕开(1)仕。对曰:“吾斯之未能信。”子说(2)。
【注释】
(1)漆雕开:姓漆雕名开,字子开,一说字子若,生于公元前540年,孔子的门徒。
(2)说:读“月”,同“悦”。
【白话】
孔子让漆雕开去做官。漆雕开回答说:“我对做官这件事还没有信心。”孔子听了很高兴。
【英译】
Confucius asked Qi Diaokai to seek official posts. Qi said: “I don’t have confidence in official posts.” Hearing this, Confucius was very happy.
【原文】
5·7 子曰:“道不行,乘桴(1)浮于海,从(2)我者,其由(3)与!”子路闻之喜。子曰:“由也好勇过我,无所取材。”
【注释】
(1)桴:读“夫”,用来过河的木筏子。
(2)从:跟随、随从。
(3)仲由,字子路,又字季路,鲁国卞人,孔子得意门生。
【白话】
孔子说:“如果我的主张行不通,我就乘木筏到海外去。能跟从我的大概只有仲由吧!”子路听了很高兴。孔子说:“仲由除了勇气这点超过我,其它并没有什么可取的才能。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If what I advocate isn’t workable, I’ll go to the sea by raft. Maybe only Zhong You is willing to follow me.” Hearing this Tzu Lu was very delighted. But Confucius said: “Zhong You has nothing more to surpass me except for courage.”
【原文】
5·8 孟武伯问:“子路仁乎?”子曰:“不知也。”又问。子曰:“由也,千乘之国,可使治其赋(1)也,不知其仁也。”“求也何如?”子曰:“求也,千室之邑(2),百乘之家(3),可使为之宰(4)也,不知其仁也。”“赤(5)也何如?”子曰:“赤也,束带立于朝(6),可使与宾客(7)言也,不知其仁也。”
【注释】
(1)赋:兵赋,向居民征收的军事费用。
(2)千室之邑,邑是古代居民的聚居点,大致相当于后来城镇。有一千户人家的大邑。
(3)百乘之家:指卿大夫的采地,当时大夫有车百乘,是采地中的较大者。
(4)宰:家臣、总管。
(5)赤:姓公西名赤,字子华,生于公元前509年,孔子的学生。
(6)束带立于朝:指穿着礼服立于朝廷。
(7)宾客:指一般客人和来宾。
【白话】 孟武伯问:“子路达到仁的标准了吗?”孔子说:“不知道。”又问。孔子说:“子路可以做大将,不知他仁否。”又问:“冉求怎样?”孔子说:“冉求可以当市长,不知他仁否。” “公西赤怎样?”孔子说:“公西赤可以当外长,不知他是仁否。”
【英译】
Meng Wubo asked: “Is Tzu Lu up to the standards of humanity?” Confucius said: “I don’t know.” Meng Wubo asked again. The master said: “Zhong You can be a general. But I don’t know whether he is up to the standard of humanity.” “What do you think of Ran Qiu?” Confucius said: “Ran Qiu can be a mayor. But I don’t know whether he is up to the standard of humanity.” “What do you think of Gongxi Chi?” Confucius said: “Gongxi Chi can be a foreign minister. But I don’t know whether he is up to the standard of humanity.”
【原文】
5·9 子谓子贡曰:“女与回也孰愈(1)?”对曰:“赐也何敢望回?回也闻一以知十(2),赐也闻一以知二(3)。”子曰:“弗如也。吾与(4)女弗如也。”
【注释】
(1)愈:胜过、超过。
(2)十:指数的全体,旧注云:“一,数之数;十,数之终。”
(3)二:旧注云:“二者,一之对也。”
(4)与:赞同、同意。
【白话】
孔子对子贡说:“你和颜回两个相比,谁更好一些呢?”子贡回答说:“我怎么敢和颜回相比呢?颜回他听到一件事就可以推知十件事;我呢,听到一件事,只能推知两件事。”孔子说:“你是不如他呀,我同意你说的,就是不如他。”
【英译】
Confucius said to Tzu Gong: “You and Yan Hui, who is better?” Tuz Gong replied: “How dare I compare myself with Yan Hui? Yan Hui can know ten events on the basis of knowing one event. But I can know two events on the basis of knowing one event.” Confucius said: “You are not so good as Yan Hui. I agree with you. You are really not good as him.”
【原文】
5·10 宰予昼寝,子曰:“朽木不可雕也,粪土(1)之墙不可杇(2)也,于予与何诛(3)!”子曰:“始吾于人也,听其言而信其行;今吾于人也,听其言而观其行。于予与(4)改是。”
【注释】
(1)粪土:腐土、脏土。
(2)杇:读“污”,抹墙用的抹子。这里指用抹子粉刷墙壁。
(3)诛:意为责备、批评。
(4)与:语气词。
【白话】
宰予白天睡觉。孔子说:“腐朽的木头无法雕刻,粪土垒的墙壁无法粉刷。对于宰予这个人,责备还有什么用呢?”孔子说:“起初我对于人,是听了他说的话便相信了他的行为;现在我对于人,听了他讲的话还要观察他的行为。在宰予这里我改变了观察人的方法。”
【英译】
Zai Yu sleeps in the day time. Confucius said: “Rotten wood can not be carved. Walls which are built with dirt can not white-washed. What’s the use to reproach him?” Confucius said: “At the beginning, I believed a person’s action after I heard his words. But now I’ll observe his action after I hear his words. The problem of Zai Yu made me change my way to observe people.”
【原文】
5·11 子曰:“吾未见刚者。”或对曰:“申枨(1)。”子曰:“枨也欲,焉得刚?”
【注释】
(1)申枨:枨,读“成”。姓申名枨,字周,孔子的学生。
【白话】
孔子说:“我没有见过刚强的人。”有人回答说:“申枨就是刚强的。”孔子说:“申枨这个人欲望太多,怎么能刚强呢?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “I’ve never seen anyone firm and unyielding.” Someone said: “Shen Cheng is firm and unyielding.” Confucius said: “Sheng Cheng has too many desires, how can he be firm and unyielding?”
【原文】
5·12 子贡曰:“我不欲人之加诸我也,吾亦欲无加诸人。”子曰:“赐也,非尔所及也。”
【白话】
子贡说:“我不愿被迫做自己不愿做的事,我也不愿强迫别人去做不愿做的事。”孔子说:“赐呀,这不是你能做到的。”
【英译】
Tzu Gong said: “I’m unwilling to be forced to do what I don’t want to. I’m also unwilling to force others to do what they don’t want to.” Confucius said: “Ci, this isn’t what you can do.”
【原文】
5·13 子贡曰:“夫子之文章(1),可得而闻也;夫子之言性(2)与天道(3),不可得而闻也。”
【注释】
(1)文章:这里指孔子传授的诗书礼乐等。
(2)性:人性。
(3)天道:天命。
【白话】
子贡说:“老师讲授的文章,依靠耳闻是能够学到的;但老师讲授的人性和天道的理论,依靠耳闻是不能够学到的。”
【英译】
Tzu Gong said: “What you teach in your articles can be grasped by listening, but the theories on human’s nature and heaven’s doctrines cannot be grasped by listening.”
【原文】
5·14 子路有闻,未之能行,唯恐有闻。
【白话】
子路在听到一条道理但没有能亲自实行的时候,惟恐又听到新的道理。
【英译】
Whenever Tzu Lu hears a theory but cannot put it into practice, he is afraid to hear any new ones.
【原文】
5·15 子贡问曰:“孔文子(1)何以谓之文也?”子曰:“敏(2)而好学,不耻下问,是以谓之文也。”
【注释】
(1)孔文子:卫国大夫孔圉(读“语”),“文”是谥号,“子”是尊称。
(2)敏:敏捷、勤勉。
【白话】
子贡问道:“为什么给孔文子一个‘文’的谥号呢?”孔子说:“他聪敏好学,不以向地位卑下的人请教为耻,所以给他谥号叫‘文’。”
【英译】
Tzu Gong asked: “Why was Kong Wentzu given a posthumous title Wen?” Confucius said: “He was intelligent and diligent and did not consider it disgraceful to learn from persons in humble position.”
【原文】
5·16 子谓子产(1)有君子之道四焉:“其行己也恭,其事上也敬,其养民也惠,其使民也义。”
【注释】
(1)子产:姓公孙名侨,字子产,郑国大夫,做过正卿,是郑穆公的孙子,为春秋时郑国的贤相。
【白话】
孔子评论子产时说他有君子的四种道德:“他自己行为庄重,他事奉君主恭敬,他爱护百姓施与恩惠,他役使百姓有法度。”
【英译】
When commenting on Tzu Chan, Confucius said that he had four noble characters: “He conducts himself sedately, serves his lord respectfully and cherishes people by bestowing favor.”
【原文】
5·17 子曰:“晏平仲(1)善与人交,久而敬之(2)。”
【注释】
(1)晏平仲:齐国的贤大夫,名婴。 “平”是他的谥号。
(2)久而敬之:“之”在这里指代晏平仲。
【白话】
孔子说:“晏平仲善于和人交朋友,相识久了,别人十分尊敬他。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Yan Pingzhong is good at making friends with others. Knowing each other as time goes on, he is respected by others.”
【原文】
5·18 子曰:“臧文仲(1)居蔡(2),山节藻棁(3),何如其知也!”
【注释】
(1)臧文仲:姓臧孙名辰,“文”是他的谥号。因不遵守周礼,被孔子指责为“不仁”、“不智”。(2)居蔡:养大龟。居,养,藏。蔡,国君用以占卜的大龟。蔡,本是地名。此地产龟,所以把国君用以占卜的大龟也叫做蔡。
(3)山节藻棁:节,柱上的斗拱。棁,读“桌”,房梁上的短柱。把斗拱雕成山形,在棁上绘以水草花纹。这是古时装饰天子宗庙的做法。
【白话】
孔子说:“臧文仲建造自己的宗庙,房顶呈拱形,柱子上画着水草图案,庙内藏着大龟,象天子的宗庙一样,这怎么算明智?”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Zang Wenzhong built a temple with an arched roof and columns were painted with a design of water plants. And moreover, a big tortoise was hidden in the temple which was just like a shrine of the lord. How can he be considered wise?”
【原文】
5·19 子张问曰:“令尹子文(1)三仕为令尹,无喜色;三已(2)之,无愠色。旧令尹之政,必以告新令尹。何如?”子曰:“忠矣。”曰:“仁矣乎?”曰:“未知。焉得仁?”“崔子(3)弑(4)齐君(5),陈子文(6)有马十乘,弃而违之,至于他邦,则曰:‘犹吾大夫崔子也。’违之。之一邦,则又曰:‘犹吾大夫崔子也。’违之,何如?子曰:“清矣。”曰:“仁矣乎?”曰:“未知,焉得仁?”
【注释】
(1)令尹子文:令尹,楚国的官名,相当于宰相。子文是楚国的著名宰相。
(2)三已:三,有时也泛指多次。已,罢免。
(3)崔文:齐国大夫崔杼(读“住”)曾杀死齐庄公,在当时引起极大反应。
(4)弑:读“是”,位在下的人杀了地位在上的人。
(5)齐君:即指被崔杼所杀的齐庄公。
(6)陈文子:陈国的大夫,名须无。
【白话】
子张问:“子文三次做宰相,都没感到高兴;三次被罢免,也都没感到委屈。卸任前,总是认真地办理交接事宜,这样做怎么样?”孔子说:“算忠。”问:“算仁吗?”答:“不知道,哪里谈得上仁?”又问:“崔子杀了齐庄公,陈文子抛弃家产跑了。到了另一国,他说:‘这里的大夫同崔子一样。’又跑了。再到一国,再说:‘他们同崔子一样。’再跑了。怎样?”孔子说:“算清高了。”问:“算仁吗?”答:“不知道,哪里谈得上仁?”
【英译】
Tzu Zhang asked: “Tzu Wen served as premier three times, but he was never happy, and he was dismissed from office three times, he never felt wronged. Moreover, before he was relieved of his office, he was very careful to handle the matter relating handing over and taking over. What do you think of it?” Confucius said: “Quite loyal.” Tzu Zhang asked again: “Can it be considered humanity?” Confucius replied: “I don’t know. It’s quite out of the question of humanity, isn’t it?” Tzu Zhang asked again: “Cui Tzu killed Qi Zhuanggong, Chen Wentzu abandoned his family property and ran away. Whenever getting into another country, he used to say: ‘The officials here are just the same as Cui Tzu.’ Again, he ran away. After getting into another country, he said once more: ‘The officials here are just the same as Cui Tzu.’ And then he ran way again. What do you think of it?” Confucius said: “He is really above politics and worldly interests.” Tzu Zhang asked: “Can it be considered humanity?” Confucius said: “I don’t know. It’s quite out of the question of humanity, isn’t it?”
【原文】
5·20 季文子(1)三思而后行。子闻之,曰:“再,斯(2)可矣。”
【注释】
(1)季文子:即季孙行父,鲁成公、鲁襄公时任正卿,“文”是他的谥号。
(2)斯:就。
【白话】
季文子每做一件事都要考虑多次。孔子听到了,说:“考虑两次也就行了。”
【英译】
Before doing anything, Ji Wentzu always thinks over it again and again. Learning this, Confucius said: “Think twice. That’s enough.”
【原文】
5·21 子曰:“宁武子(1),邦有道则知,邦无道则愚(2),其知可及也,其愚不可及也。”
【注释】
(1)宁武子:姓宁名俞,卫国大夫,“武”是他的谥号。
(2)愚:这里是装傻的意思。
【白话】
孔子说:“宁武子这个人,当国家太平时,他就显得聪明,当国家混乱时,他就装傻。他的那种聪明别人可以做得到,他的那种装傻别人就做不到了。
【英译】
Confucius said: “You know Ji Wutzu. When the country is in great order, he seems very clever, while the country is in great disorder, he would pretend to be very stupid. As far as his cleverness is concerned, everyone can catch up with him, but as for his stupidity, no one can reach him.”
【原文】
5·22 子在陈(1)曰:“归与!归与!吾党之小子(2)狂简(3),斐然(4)成章,不知所以裁(5)之。”
【注释】
(1)陈:古国名,大约在今河南东部和安徽北部一带。
(2)吾党之小子:古代以500家一为党。吾党意即我的故乡。小子,指孔子在鲁国的学生。
(3)狂简:志向远大但行为粗率简单。
(4)斐然:斐,音fěi,有文彩的样子。
(5)裁:裁剪,节制。
【白话】
孔子在陈国说: “回去吧!回去吧!家乡的学生们志大才疏,不过文采扬扬,真不知该怎么指导他们。”
【英译】
Confucius said in the country Chen: “Go back! Go back! The students in my hometown have great ambition but little talent. Yet their writings have rich and bright colors. I really don’t know how to guide them.”
【原文】
5·23 子曰:“伯夷叔齐(1)不念旧恶(2),怨是用希(3)。”
【注释】
(1)伯夷、叔齐:殷朝末年孤竹君的两个儿子。父亲死后,二人互相让位,都逃到周文王那里。周武王起兵伐纣,他们认为这是以臣弑君,是不忠不孝的行为,曾加以拦阻。周灭商统一天下后,他们以吃周朝的粮食为耻,逃进深山中以野草充饥,饿死在首阳山中。
(2)恶:仇恨。
(3)希:同“稀”
【白话】
孔子说:“伯夷、叔齐不记仇,别人对他们的怨恨也就少。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Bo Yi and Shu Qi don’t bear grudges, so they are seldom hated by others.”
【原文】
5·24 子曰:“孰谓微生高(1)直?或乞醯(2)焉,乞诸其邻而与之。”
【注释】
(1)微生高:姓微生名高,鲁国人。当时人认为他为直率。
(2)醯:读“希”,即醋。
【白话】
孔子说:“谁说微生高性格直率?有人向他要点醋,他都不直说没有,还暗地到他邻居讨点给人家。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Who said Wei Shenggao is frank? Someone asked him for some vinegar, he didn’t say frankly that he had no and moreover he stealthily asked his neighbor for some and then gave it to that man.”
【原文】
5·25 子曰:“巧言、令色、足恭(1),左丘明(2)耻之,丘亦耻之。匿怨而友其人,左丘明耻之,丘亦耻之。”
【注释】
(1)足恭:一说是两脚做出恭敬逢迎的姿态来讨好别人;另一说就是抽象地指过分恭敬。这里采用后说。
(2)左丘明:姓左丘名明,鲁国人,相传是《左传》一书的作者。
【白话】
孔子说:“甜言蜜语、皮笑肉不笑、点头哈腰,左丘明认为可耻,我也认为可耻;心怀怨恨跟人交朋友,左丘明认为可耻,我也认为可耻。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Saying honey words, putting on a false smile, nodding and bowing, Zuo Qiuming considers all these things shameful. So do I. Making friends with others but harboring resentment at the same time, Zuo Qiuming considers it shameful. So do I.”
【原文】
5·26 颜渊、季路侍(1)。子曰:“盍(2)各言尔志。”子路曰:“原车马,衣轻裘,与朋友共,敝之而无憾。”颜渊曰:“愿无伐(3)善,无施劳(4)。”子路曰:“愿闻子之志。”子曰:“老者安之,朋友信之,少者怀之(5)。”
【注释】
(1)侍:服侍,站在旁边陪着尊贵者叫侍。
(2)盍:何不,读“何”。
(3)伐:夸耀。
(4)施劳:施,表白。劳,功劳。
(5)少者怀之:让少者得到关怀。
【白话】
颜渊、子路两人侍立在孔子身边。孔子说:“你们何不各自说说自己的志向?”子路说:“愿与朋友共同分享我的车马和皮袍,用坏了也不抱怨。”颜渊说: “但愿能做到不夸耀优点、不宣扬功劳。”子路说:“您的愿望呢?”孔子说:“但愿老人能享受安乐,少儿能得到关怀,朋友能够信任我。”
【英译】
With Yan Yuan and Tzu Lu standing by in attendance, Confucius said: “Why don’t you say something about your ideals?” Tzu Lu said: “I’d like to let my friends share my carriage, horse and fir coat. Even if all these are worn out, I don’t have any complains.” Yan Yuan said: “I’d like not to boast of my strong points, not to publicize my merits.” Tzu Lu said to Confucius: “I’d like to know your ideal.” Confucius said: “I’d like to see that the aged can enjoy ease and comfort, the young can get every concern, and friends have trust in me.”
【原文】
5·27 子曰:“已矣乎!吾未见能见其过而内自讼者也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“这个社会完了!我没见过既知道自己有错,又能自我批评的人。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Finished! I’ve never seen anyone who not only knows his own mistakes but also criticizes himself.”
【原文】
5·28 子曰:“十室之邑,必有忠信如丘者焉,不如丘之好学也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“即使只有十户人家的小村子,也一定有像我这样讲忠信的人,只是不如我那样好学罢了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Even in a small village with only ten families, there are certainly someone like me who pays much attention to honesty.”