共产党执政的血腥恐惧绝非偶然

－－在欧洲委员会全体大会决议投票前的辩论发言

2006年1月25日，代表欧洲46个国家的欧洲委员会在其全体大会上以99票对42票通过了国际谴责共产独裁政权罪性之必要性决议，引起各国高度关注。

欧洲是共产幽灵产生的地方。欧洲委员会全体大会上所通过的这个决议，开创了一个新的历史和一个国际谴责共产独裁政权的新起点。

在决议表决前，大会举行了两个多小时的激烈辩论，多国议会的代表在会上发表讲话。以下是格鲁吉亚共和国(Georgia) 波可里亚（Giga Bokeria）先生的发言︰

我要感谢并强烈支持特派员所提供的决议草案。即使没有日里诺夫斯基先生（Mr Zhirinovsky）的支持，我也不会改变自己的决定。在日里诺夫斯基先生之前发言的久加诺夫先生（Mr Ziuganov）是俄罗斯联邦最大反对党领袖。苏俄共党首领对谴责共产党罪行一事未发一言，这我并不意外。苏俄总统普汀先生近期表示苏联的瓦解是二十世纪的最大悲剧，此时其同僚如何能表态支持谴责共产独裁政权呢？

共产党的传统在我的国家是很鲜明的，在任何由共产党所统治的国家皆是如此。卢卡申科先生（Mr Lukashenko）也许不是个纯粹的共产党员，但他是共产政权下的产物。大家都知道现今有些国家仍然受到共产党的统治，其人民因自身的信仰而遭受迫害或杀害。最近乌克兰代表成员在听见国际间正在着手准备一份1930年间群体灭绝罪行的调查报告时而哭泣。为犯罪负起道义责任是必须的。

今天我们所听闻的部分发言让我感到投票支持本决议案是很重要的。有部分联合左翼党团和社会党的同事提出了一个罕见的论点。他们指问这份报告主张的是谴责共产主义意识型态还是那些相信共产党的人？绝对没有这回事，就是谴责共产独裁政权。人们或许不想把共产主义意识型态和共产党罪行划上等号，特别是那些自认为是共产党员者不愿支持这份报告。我并不是指自认是共产党员的就是罪犯或有暴力倾向，但事实是︰当共产党在掌握统治权后，其执政结果都是以血腥和恐惧收场。这绝非偶然的。科萨契夫先生（Mr Kosachev）所举的摩尔多瓦（Moldova）例子是无关的。摩尔多瓦的情况并非是因为共产党获得政权后所导致的结果，而是因为苏联的瓦解。只要共产党成为绝对多数，结局就是镇压。这绝非单一例子。

我反对任何标志和观念有关的禁令。然而我看见年轻人穿著苏维埃标志的衣服而感到难过，因为我的国家曾经受到这些标志占领，直至今日仍在受难。我们必须用自己的话和意见来战胜那些人的主张。我们的目标是排斥任何不愿与共产罪行划清界线的政治团体。我的同事说过︰在共产党成为少数团体之前，他和共产党员之间从没发生过任何问题。现在就是这种情况，共产党在欧洲已经是少数团体了。让我们投票支持这个决议案，为维护自由而尽一切最大努力。

欧洲委员会决议：

国际谴责共产独裁政权罪性之必要性（译文）

作者：纯子

2006年1月25日，代表欧洲46个国家（除白俄罗斯外--Belarus）的欧洲委员在全体大会上通过了“国际谴责共产独裁罪行之必要性”的决议。由于欧洲是共产幽灵产生的地方，因此该决议对国际谴共产政权的罪行和维护世界人权具有很大的历史意义。以下是该决议的译文及英文原文： 

        


一、欧洲委员会全体大会查考了关于“解析前共产独裁体制遗留产物的标准”1096（1996）号决议。

二、曾在上个世纪统治中欧及东欧的前共产独裁政权，以及在近年仍然执政的共产独裁政权，都以大面积的侵犯人权为特征，无一例外。在不同的文化中、国家和历史阶段，其犯下了不同的人权侵犯罪行。其中包括对个人和团体的暗杀及死刑，集中营的迫害致死，饥饿，驱逐流放，酷刑，奴役及其它多种形式的肢体恐吓，基于道德和信仰基础上的迫害，侵犯良心、思想、言论自由，侵犯媒体自由和一党制。 

三、这些罪行是在阶级斗争的理论和无产阶级专政的原则为由下进行的。这两种理论成为“铲除”那些其认为对建设新社会有害的人的依据，诸如共产独裁政权的敌人。受难者大多是其本国的公民。尤其是受前苏共统治的人民，其受难者的人数非常大。 

四、本大会注意到，尽管共产独裁政权犯下了很多罪行，但欧洲的一些共产党对争取民主做出了某些贡献。 

五、在中欧及东欧的共产独裁政权倒台后，其罪行未被国际调查全面追踪。更明显的是，这些罪行的罪魁祸首，未能向民族主义分子（纳粹）所犯的可怕罪行一样，受到国际社会的审判。 

六、后果为公众对共产独裁政权所犯的罪行缺乏认识。共产党仍在有些国家是合法的并很活跃，甚至有些共产党仍然没有与过去共产独裁政权所犯的罪行划清界限。 

七、本大会确信，对这些历史的关注是防止将来同样罪行发生的前提条件之一。更主要的是，确定道德和谴责这些罪行将会对教育后代起重要作用。国际社会对过去历史所持的立场，可以成为未来行动的参考。 

八、本大会尤其相信，那些受难于共产独裁政权罪行的幸存者及其家人应该得到人们对的同情、理解和对其所受苦难的承认。 

九、世界上还有共产独裁政权的存在并仍然在继续犯罪。对国家利益的认识不应阻止他国对现存共产独裁政权的充分批评。本大会强烈谴责所有那些侵犯人权的罪行。 

十、目前，在本委员会会员国内所进行的辩论和谴责不足以使国际社会对共产独裁政府所犯的罪行采取明确立场。不推迟的这样做是本会的道德义务。 

十一、欧洲委员会是在国际上进行这种辩论的适合之地。所有欧洲前共产国家，除白俄罗斯（Belarus）外，如今已是本会的会员国并以捍卫人权和依法治国为其基本价值。 

十二、因此，本大会强烈谴责共产独裁政权大面积的侵犯人权的罪行，并对那些受难者表示同情、理解和其所受之苦难的承认。 

十三、本大会呼吁会员国内现存的和过去的共产党，假如还没有做的话，重新评估共产主义的历史和本国过去的历史，明确的与共产独裁政权所犯的罪行划清界限，并对其罪行进行严肃的谴责。 

十四、本大会相信，国际社会明确的立场将为未来的和平共处铺平道路。希望其将会激励世界范围内的历史学家，继续从事对过去所发生事件的确定和客观查证的研究。 

英文原文：
http://assembly.coe.int/Mainf.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta06/Eres1481.htm

Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes
Resolution 1481 (2006) 

1. The Parliamentary Assembly refers to its Resolution 1096 (1996) on measures to dismantle the heritage of the former communist totalitarian systems. 

2. The totalitarian communist regimes which ruled in Central and Eastern Europe in the last century, and which are still in power in several countries in the world, have been, without exception, characterised by massive violations of human rights. The violations have differed depending on the culture, country and the historical period and have included individual and collective assassinations and executions, death in concentration camps, starvation, deportations, torture, slave labour and other forms of mass physical terror, persecution on ethnic or religious base, violation of freedom of conscience, thought and expression, of freedom of press, and also lack of political pluralism. 

3. The crimes were justified in the name of the class struggle theory and the principle of dictatorship of the proletariat. The interpretation of both principles legitimised the “elimination” of people who were considered harmful to the construction of a new society and, as such, enemies of the totalitarian communist regimes. A vast number of victims in every country concerned were its own nationals. It was the case particularly of peoples of the former USSR who by far outnumbered other peoples in terms of the number of victims. 

4. The Assembly recognises that, in spite of the crimes of totalitarian communist regimes, some European communist parties have made contributions to achieving democracy. 

5. The fall of totalitarian communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe has not been followed in all cases by an international investigation of the crimes committed by them. Moreover, the authors of these crimes have not been brought to trial by the international community, as was the case with the horrible crimes committed by National Socialism (nazism). 

6. Consequently, public awareness of crimes committed by totalitarian communist regimes is very poor. Communist parties are legal and active in some countries, even if in some cases they have not distanced themselves from the crimes committed by totalitarian communist regimes in the past. 

7. The Assembly is convinced that the awareness of history is one of the preconditions for avoiding similar crimes in the future. Furthermore, moral assessment and condemnation of crimes committed play an important role in the education of young generations. The clear position of the international community on the past may be a reference for their future actions. 

8. Moreover, the Assembly believes that those victims of crimes committed by totalitarian communist regimes who are still alive or their families, deserve sympathy, understanding and recognition for their sufferings. 

9. Totalitarian communist regimes are still active in some countries of the world and crimes continue to be committed. National interest perceptions should not prevent countries from adequate criticism of present totalitarian communist regimes. The Assembly strongly condemns all those violations of human rights. 

10. The debates and condemnations which have taken place so far at national level in some Council of Europe member states cannot give dispensation to the international community from taking a clear position on the crimes committed by the totalitarian communist regimes. It has a moral obligation to do so without any further delay. 

11. The Council of Europe is well placed for such a debate at international level. All former European communist countries, with the exception of Belarus, are now its members and the protection of human rights and the rule of law are basic values for which it stands. 

12. Therefore, the Parliamentary Assembly strongly condemns the massive human rights violations committed by the totalitarian communist regimes and expresses sympathy, understanding and recognition to the victims of these crimes. 

13. Furthermore, it calls on all communist or post-communist parties in its member states which have not so far done so to reassess the history of communism and their own past, clearly distance themselves from the crimes committed by totalitarian communist regimes and condemn them without any ambiguity. 

14. The Assembly believes that this clear position of the international community will pave the way to further reconciliation. Furthermore, it will hopefully encourage historians throughout the world to continue their research aimed at the determination and objective verification of what took place.