Lesson Twelve

Section One: News in Brief

第一节 简明新闻

1. American reporter Nicholas Daniloff is in Frankfurt , West Germany , on his way home from Moscow after being detained for a month on espionage charges. President Reagan in Kansas City on a campaign swing announced Daniloff’s release, denying that any trade had agreed to in order to win his freedom. Asked by reporters if he blinked in staring down Soviet leader Gorbachev over the Daniloff came after a three—hour meeting last night in New York between Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze. No detail of the agreement have been released, and it is not know if Daniloff’s freedom is first step in a trade involving accused Soviet spy Gennadi Zakharov. When he arrived in Frnkfurt, Daniloff thanked President Reagan Secretray of State Shultz, and other US officials for “dotting all the I’s and crossing the t’s” that permitted him to be in Frankfurt tonight.

2. The House of Representatives is expected to vote soon to override President Reagan’s veto of a bill imposing economic sanctions against South African. NPR’s Cokie Roberts reports that the President has promised to expand economic sanctions on his own in hopes of getting Congress to sustain his veto. “Both houses of Congress passed the economic sanctions against South Africa by wide enough margins to override a presidential veto. And it’s expected the House will easily garner the two-thirds vote necessary for override. So it’s in the Senate the President is concentrating his efforts. Today President Reagan sent a long letter to majority leader Robert Dole, restating his opposition to ‘punitive sanctions that harm the victims of apartheid.’ The letter went on to outline an executive order the President plans to sign which would impose some but not all of the sanctions passed by Congress. For example, there’d be a ban on some new investments in South Africa , but not as many as called for by Congress. The President hopes the executive order will win over the fourteen additional senators he needs to sustain his veto. The Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee said today that Congress would simply come back next year with tougher sanctions if the veto is sustained. I’m Cokie Roberts at the Capitol.”

1. 美国记者尼古拉丹尼洛夫现在在西德的法兰克福，他在莫斯科因间谍罪被拘留一个月后正在返回家乡的路上。总统里根在堪萨斯城竞选集会上宣布了丹尼洛夫的释放消息，并否为争取他获释进行过任何交易。记者问他是否注意到美国国务卿乔治舒尔茨和苏联外长谢瓦尔德纳泽在纽约一次 3 小时会谈之后，苏联领导人戈尔巴乔夫就恢复了丹尼洛夫的自由。还没有关于释放协议的细节，不知道丹尼洛夫的获释是有关被指控为苏联间谍季扎哈罗夫的交易的第一步。当他抵达法兰克福时，丹尼洛夫感谢总统里根，国务卿舒尔茨，以及其他一丝不苟的使他今晚能够抵达法兰克福的美国官员。

2. 众议院希望尽快投票以推翻里根总统在对南非实施经济制裁法案的否决权。全国公共广播公司的库奇罗伯茨说，总统已静承诺扩大经济制裁，希望国会能够维持他的否决权。“国会参众两院通过的对南非足够宽松的利润的经济制裁来推翻总统的否决。并预期众议院将轻而易举地争取到必要的支持推翻的三分之二的投票。因此，在参议院方面，总统将集中其力量。今天，里根总统给多数党领袖罗伯特多尔发出了一封长信，重申他的反对意见既“惩罚性制裁，会损害种族隔离的受害者”。信中概述了总统即将签署的行政命令将要实施部分但不是全部的国会通过的制裁。例如，对南非的一些新投资的禁令，但不会象国会所呼吁的那么多。总统希望这项行政命令赢得 14 位额外的参议员的支持以维持他的否决权。众议院外交事务委员会主席今天表示，如果否决权被维持，明年国会重开时会报以更严厉的制裁，我是库奇罗伯茨在国会报道。 “

 
Nicholas Daniloff

Section Two: News in Detail

第二节 详细新闻 美国记者尼古拉丹尼洛夫在莫斯科获释

American reporter Nicholas Daniloff was free today in Moscow . He flew into Frankfurt , West Germany this afternoon and spoke with reporters gathered at the airport.

“It’s wonderful to be back in the West. I think it’s obvious to everybody what has happened over this last month. I was arrested without an arrest warrant. A case was fabricated against me with a narrow political purpose of Gennadi Zakharov in New York . The KGB did not punish me; the KGB punished itself. I cannot tell you anything about any other arrangements. All I know is that I am free in the West, very grateful, delighted to see you.' Nicholas Daniloff.

When Daniloff left the Soviet Union today he had been detained there for thirty-one days, facing a possible trial on espionage charges. Daniloff left Moscow only hours after Secretary of State Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze met last night in New York in the latest of four negotiating sessions concerning the fate of the American journalist. But so far no details have emerged about the arrangements that brought Daniloff his freedom. NPR's Mike Shuster has more from New York .

Reporters in Moscow who had been staking out the American Embassy there first got wind this morning that Daniloff might be released, after he left the Embassy in a car and flashed the "V for Victory" sign. Apparently Daniloff was simply informed that he could leave, and his passport was returned to him. He was then taken to the airport along with his wife, and soon thereafter boarded a Lufthansa flight to Frankfurt , West Germany . The official American announcement of his release came from President Reagan mid-day today as he was campaigning in Kansas City , Missouri .

"I have something of a news announcement I would like to make, that in case you haven't heard it already, that at twelve o'clock, twelve o'clock Central time, a Lufthansa Airliner, left Moscow bound for Frankfurt West Germany, and on board are Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Daniloff."

So far though neither the White House nor the State Department has said anything about the specific agreements that ended the negotiations on Daniloff. And lacking any fuller explanation from the government, many questions remain. First, what will happen to the Russian scientist Gennadi Zakharov whose arrest last month in New York for spying led to Daniloff's detention? No date has been set for Zakharov's trial in Brooklyn, and a representative of the Justice Department in Brooklyn said today the US attorney there was waiting for instructions on the handling of Zakharov's case. There have been suggestions' that Zakharov might be returned to the Soviet Union at a later date in exchange for one or more jailed Soviet dissidents. There is also the question of the American decision to expel twenty-five Soviet personnel from their United Nations Mission here. Several have already left New York and the deadline for the expulsion of the rest is Wednesday. The Soviets have threatened to retaliate if the order is not rescinded. There is no word whether the agreement that freed Daniloff includes anything on the twenty-five Soviets, which naturally leads to the final question: Has Daniloffs release today brought the United States and the Soviet Union any closer to a summit meeting? Secretary Shultz has said that a summit could not take place without Daniloff gaining his freedom. That has now been removed as an impediment ton summit, but the Soviets have called the Zakharov case and the matter of the twenty-five Soviet diplomats obstacles to a summit as well. Until the details are made public of the agreement Shultz and Shevardnadze worked out, it will not be known what the prospects for a summit truly are. This is Mike Shuster in New York .

美国记者尼古拉丹尼洛夫今天在莫斯科获释。今天下午他飞抵西德法兰克福，对聚集在机场与记者发表讲话。

“回到西方真不错。我想发生在上个月的事大家都是有目共睹的。我在没有逮捕令的情形下被逮捕了。这个针对我的捏造案件是出于对纽约根纳蒂扎哈罗夫事件的狭隘的政治目的。克格勃没有惩罚我，克格勃惩罚的是他们自己。我不能告诉你任何其他的安排。我所知道的是我获释回到了西方，非常感谢，很高兴见到你们。”尼古拉达尼洛夫如是说。

当丹尼洛夫今天离开苏联时，他已在那里被关押三十一天了，面对以间谍罪起诉的莫须有的审判。丹尼洛夫是在国务卿舒尔茨和苏联外长谢瓦尔德纳泽昨晚在纽约至少进行了四次关注这位美国记者的命运的会谈结束后仅数小时离开莫斯科的。但至今没有透露任何有关丹尼洛夫获释的协议细节。全国公共电台迈克舒斯特从纽约带来更多的报道。

在莫斯科记者们在美国大使馆已蓄势待发，首先得到的吹风是今天上午丹尼洛夫可能被释放，当他离开大使馆，坐上汽车时，挥舞着“ V ”字胜利的手势。显然丹尼洛夫只是简单地通知了一下他就离开了，他的护照也归还给了他。然后他同他的妻子被带到机场，此后不久，登上了汉莎航空公司飞往西德法兰克福的航班。美国官方今天日间宣布他获释消息的是总统里根，他正在密苏里州堪萨斯城参加竞选活动。

“我有一个我很想要公布的新闻，说不定你们还有听到过，就在十二点钟，美国中部时间 12 时，一架汉莎航空公司客机离开莫斯科飞往西德法兰克福，尼古拉斯丹尼洛夫和夫人就在那上面。”

到目前为止，虽然无论是白宫还是国务院并未提及对结束有关丹尼洛夫的谈判的任何具体协议。缺乏任何来自政府方面的更全面的解释，许多疑问依然存在。首先，导致丹尼洛夫被拘捕的，上个月以间谍罪在纽约被捕的俄国科学家根纳季扎哈罗夫将会怎样？扎哈罗夫在布鲁克林受审日期还没有确定，一位司法部的代表说，布鲁克林联邦检察官今天在等待扎哈罗夫案件的查处指令。有建议道，扎哈罗夫稍后会回到苏联，以交换一个或更多的被囚禁的苏联持不同政见者。仍有美国决定驱逐的 25 个联合国苏联代表团人员的问题。有几个已经离开纽约，其余的最后驱逐期限是星期三。苏联威胁道如果命令不撤销的话要报复。没有任何文字协议，是否释放丹尼洛夫与 25 位苏联人有关，这自然导致了最后一个问题：丹尼洛夫今天获释会使美国和苏联在近期举行首脑峰会吗？国务卿舒尔茨曾表示，如果丹尼洛夫不获得自由，峰会就不会举行。这已经消除首脑会议得巨大障碍。但苏联人声称扎哈罗夫案件和 25 名苏联外交官事件也是首脑会议的障碍。除非舒尔茨和谢瓦尔德纳泽商定的协议细节公布，否则不会知道首脑会谈的前景到底会是怎样。这是迈克舒斯特在纽约报道。

Section Three: Special Report

第三节 特别报道 墨西哥城震后车衣女工的工作现状

One year ago this month, a powerful earthquake in Mexico City killed more than nine thousand people. Tens of thousands of people lost their jobs because of the massive damage. Among those hardest hit by the quake were women garment workers, who worked in sweatshops concentrated in the heart of Mexico City. One year after the earthquake, Lucie Conger reports that some of the forty thousand seamstresses who lost their jobs are changing their attitudes about work.

On the fifth floor of a small office building in the heart of downtown, some thirty garment workers are back at work. Just as before the earthquake they're working on an assembly line. Each woman is specialized in one operation, like sewing cuffs or putting buttonholes on a fancy cocktail dress. But there the similarities with their past work end. The women here on Uruguay Street are running their own cooperative with machines they got from their former employer in a settlement when he closed his factory which was damaged by the earthquake. About fifteen groups of women have formed cooperatives, setting up shop with equipment they received instead of an indemnification when factory owners shut down their former places of work. Running their own business has meant big changes for these women. All thirty-five women in this cooperative agree that they prefer working without a boss looking over their shoulder. For Juana Arias, who used to cut patterns for dresses, not having a boss has given her the chance to develop new skills.

“Well, sometimes it's my job to solve some problems. I decide when to buy things. For example, when we run out of thread and needles, that's my job to decide on things that are needed.”

At the same time, since they set up the cooperative five months ago, the women have had the chance to realize that the old system of working for the patron or boss man had its good points. At the cooperative, the women only get paid when they complete a factory order. Last Friday came and went without a pay-check. Their income is low now, because they're assembling dresses instead of earning more by producing ready-made dresses of their own design. There are other concerns as well. While the seamstresses are grateful for the loans and technical assistance that they're getting from a Catholic church foundation, they worry about repaying the loans and keeping up with operating expenses like rent and phone bills And leaving behind the tradition of having a boss is a difficult transition for Mexican women who are accustomed from childhood tore spending to male authority figures. Paula Socer, a leader at another seamstresses' cooperative.

"They don't like us to tell them what to do. Since we are all owners, they think that we each can do what we want." Other garment workers are still working under the patron. But after the earthquake, many of the women began to question their position at work when they saw some factory owners moving more quickly to salvage machinery and cash boxes than to rescue trapped workers. Dramatic events like these moved some four thousand seamstresses to join the September 19th Garment Workers' Union. The women blocked traffic and marched to the presidential palace before getting official recognition as an independent union not forced to affiliate with the ruling party. Through the union, the seamstresses are demanding that factory owners respect the law by giving overtime pay for extra work, allowing workers to take vacation, and providing standard benefits. So far, nine factory, owners have signed agreements with the union to guarantee workers' rights. But the union continues to face hurdles. Maria Hernandez worked in an illegal, clandestine sweatshop before the earthquake and is now press chief for the union.

"The bosses and the soldout Unions are always pressuring the women who work here, threatening them, saying that they're going to close down the business, but that if they continue to organize, one day something is going to happen to their family. And then they start firing people. They offer them money to turn in the ones who are organizing, to tell them who the leaders are."

Manuela Purras is a seamstress who was fired in May for organizing the thirty-five women at the factory where she had worked for thirteen years. Today she's operating a small business on the edge of the empty paved lot where the union has its offices in temporary quarters provided by the municipal government. Here, alongside a busy thoroughfare, Manuela spends her days cooking tacos and selling them to passers-by to make a living until she can go back to work. The union is fighting to get Manuela and, her co-workers reinstated in their jobs. Manuela Purras:

"We've joined the union mostly because we want to see improvements in our working conditions. I think that it will help us. Well, economically it is helping us, and legally too, because at least until now it's not one of those soldout unions."

The garment workers still have an uphill battle to fight, to secure a decent living for themselves and their children. In the year since the earthquake, they've made important strides in assuring that they get a fair shake. University students, lawyers and feminists have joined the seamstresses in their fight to set new terms at the work place. The creation of new organizations, like cooperatives and unions, and the forging of new alliances between educated elites and popular groups maybe the most lasting legacy wrought from the devastation left by the earthquake. For National Public Radio, this is Lucie Conger in Mexico City .

一年前的这个月，发生在墨西哥城的强烈地震，造成超过 9000 人死亡。数以万计的人失去了因大规模的破坏失去了他们的工作。其中在地震中受灾最严重的是集中在墨西哥城中心血汗工厂里工作的女车衣工们。震后一年，露西康格报道了， 40000 名失业的车衣工中一些人正在改变他们的工作态度。

关于在市中心一座小办公楼的第五楼，约 30 个车衣工人重返工作岗位。正如地震前那样，他们一条装配线前工作。每个女都在专门进行一项操作，如缝纫袖口，或在高档燕尾服上做扣眼。这和她们过去的工作相似。在乌拉圭街妇女经营着他们自己的公司，用的机器是他们的前雇主的，他关闭了在地震中被毁坏了的工厂而这个是用来作为补偿的。大约有 15 个妇女团体组成了公司，用从前雇主——关闭了她们以前工作点——作为替代赔偿的设备，成立了商店。经营自己的业务，对这些妇女来说这意味着巨大的变化。所有 35 名在这里工作的妇女表示愿意在这里工作因为没有老板在他们后面监视她们工作。对正在剪裁服装样式的胡安娜阿里亚斯来说，没有一个老板曾经给过她发展新技能的机会。

“嗯，有时候解决一些难题是我的工作。我决定什么时候买东西。例如，当我们用完了线和针，我的工作就是决定需要（补充）的东西。”

同时，自从 5 个月前她们建立了公司时，这些妇女有机会现实地看到，过去顾客或老板的工作体制中也有可取之处。在合作社，妇女只有在她们完成工厂订单后才能拿到钱。上周五已经过去却没有拿到工资支票。他们的收入现在很低，因为现在是组装衣服，而以前是生产自己设计的成衣所以赚得多。值得关注的是。当车衣女工们从一个天主教会的基金会那里得到大量的贷款和技术援助后，她们开始担心偿还贷款和维持经营的开支如房租和电话费等。离开了有老板的传统，对于墨西哥妇女来说是个艰难的过渡，因为从孩童时期起她们就习惯于依靠男性。保拉索瑟，另一裁缝合作社的领导者说。

“她们不希望我们告诉她们怎么做。因为我们全是业主，她们觉得，我们每个人都可以做我们想要做的。”其他车衣工人仍在客户手下工作。但地震发生后，她们看到一些工厂主更多地去抢救机器和钱箱，而不是抢救被困工人时，许多妇女开始质疑她们的工作岗位。这样的戏剧性事件促使 4000 名制衣工人参加了“ 9 月 19 日服装工人工会”。妇女们阻塞交通，游行到总统府，直到官方承认他们是个独立的工会，而不是强迫加入的执政党。通过工会，车衣工们要求厂家依据法律对额外的工作支付加班费，让职工休假，并提供标准的福利待遇。到目前为止， 9 个工厂业主与工会签订协议，以保证工人的权利。但工会仍然面临很多障碍。玛丽亚赫尔南德斯地震前曾在一个非法的，秘密的血汗工厂工作，现在是工会的新闻主管说。

“老板和销售联盟总是给在这里工作的妇女施加压力，威胁他们说，他们将关闭工厂的业务，但如果他们继续这样下去的话，早晚有一天他们家里出事。然后他们开始裁人。他们会向参与组织的人要回他们的钱，告诉他们谁才是领导。”

曼努埃拉帕拉斯是位制衣女工，因为她曾在她工作了 13 年的工厂里组织了 35 名女工，在五月份被开除了。如今，她的经营一个小生意，位于一段有很多空闲铺面地段的边缘，工会的办公室就设在这片由市政府提供的临时住处里。在这里，在繁忙的大街的路边，曼努埃整天地烙墨西哥薄饼，然后卖给路人谋生，一直到她能回去工作。工会争取能让曼努埃拉和她的工友们能恢复其工作。曼努埃拉帕拉斯说：

“我们已经加入了工会主要是因为我们希望看到我们的工作条件得到改善。我认为这将有助于我们。嗯，这是在经济上，也是在法律上帮助我们，也因为至少到现在为止，不只是有一个销售工会。”

制衣工人仍在进行一场艰难的战役，为争取自己和子女的体面的生活。在今年，自地震发生以来，他们已经取得了重大进步，得到了他们将获得公平待遇的承诺。大学生，律师和女权主义者也加入到制衣工人们为工作场所的新条款而斗争的行列，成立新的组织，如合作社和工会，以及在教育精英和民间团体之间建立新的联盟，也许因地震造成的破坏可能会长时间地遗留下去。全国公共广播电台，露西康格在墨西哥城报道。

Mexico City Earthquake, September 19, 1985 . Urbana Suarez Apartment Complex completely collapsed. 1985.